The structural state of a bridge is currently examined by visual inspection or by wired sensor techniques, which are relatively expensive, vulnerable to inclement conditions, and time consuming to undertake. In contrast, wireless sensor networks are easy to deploy and flexible in application so that the network can adjust to the individual structure. Different sensing techniques have been used with such networks, but the acoustic emission technique has rarely been utilized. With the use of acoustic emission (AE) techniques it is possible to detect internal structural damage, from cracks propagating during the routine use of a structure, e.g. breakage of prestressing wires. To date, AE data analysis techniques are not appropriate for the requirements of a wireless network due to the very exact time synchronization needed between multiple sensors, and power consumption issues. To unleash the power of the acoustic emission technique on large, extended structures, recording and local analysis techniques need better algorithms to handle and reduce the immense amount of data generated. Preliminary results from utilizing a new concept called Acoustic Emission Array Processing to locally reduce data to information are presented. Results show that the azimuthal location of a seismic source can be successfully identified, using an array of six to eight poor-quality AE sensors arranged in a circular array approximately 200 mm in diameter. AE beamforming only requires very fine time synchronization of the sensors within a single array, relative timing between sensors of 1 µs can easily be performed by a single Mote servicing the array. The method concentrates the essence of six to eight extended waveforms into a single value to be sent through the wireless network, resulting in power savings by avoiding extended radio transmission.

http://glaser.berkeley.edu/glaserdrupal/pdf/SS&S%20Cambridge.pdf

Initial development of wireless acoustic emission sensor Motes for civil infrastructure state monitoring

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), gathering sensed information, transforming the information data to the base station in an energy efficient manner, and lengthening the network lifetime are important issues. Clustering is an energy efficient way that divides sensor nodes into many clusters, each of which has a cluster-head. The routing from cluster-head sensor nodes to the base station, however, has not been well studied. In this paper, we study the routing problems for WSNs. Specifically, we propose a novel energy efficient cluster-based routing algorithm for hierarchical WSNs, in which we hierarchicalize sensor nodes into different levels using the hop number of transmissions to the base station. Cluster-head sensor nodes are selected autonomously and transmit data to the base station using multi-hop transmissions, whereas non-cluster-head sensor nodes communicate with cluster-head sensor nodes directly. We have conducted comprehensive simulation experiments for the performance evaluation. The simulation results show that, for large scale WSNs, our proposed algorithm performs better in terms of network lifetime. Moreover, the algorithm mitigates the effect of self-induced black hole and balance the energy usage in the network by employing alternative sensor nodes.

/pdf/a-novel-energy-efficient-routing-algorithm-for-3e1up5nj9g.pdf

A Novel Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Hierarchically Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

Distributed MIMO for wireless sensor networks

The FAST (FIX Adapted for Streaming) protocol used the method described in the separation of data content and structure model and description for field compression and binary serialization which is adopted for data content according to the set template of the data content ,effectively raising the real-time massive data transmission and reliability. The dissertation study the technology of data aggregation based on FAST protocol, and then applying the technology into power quality monitoring system,further extending application of the FAST protocol in Smart Grid and other industrial control systems.

Study and Application of Data Aggregation Based on FAST Protocol in Power Quality Monitoring System

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), gathering sensed information and transforming the information data to the base station in an energy efficient manner and lengthening the network life time are important issues. Clustering is an energy efficient way that divides sensor nodes into many clusters, each of which has a cluster head. Some related work has been conducted for clustering in WSNs. The routing from cluster head sensor nodes to the base station, however, has not been well studied. In this thesis, we study the routing problems in the WSNs. Specifically, we propose a novel cluster-based routing algorithm for hierarchical WSNs. In our routing algorithm, we hierarchicalize sensor nodes into different levels using hop number of transmission to the base station. Cluster head sensor nodes are selected autonomously and transmit data to the base station using multi-hop transmission, whereas non-cluster head sensor nodes transmit with cluster head sensor nodes directly. We have conducted comprehensive simulation experiments. The simulation results show that, for large scale WSNs, our proposed algorithm performs better than the typical existing routing algorithms in terms of network lifetime.

/pdf/a-novel-routing-algorithm-for-hierarchical-wireless-sensor-tkcvvnr6is.pdf

A Novel Routing Algorithm for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster-based architectures are one of the most practical solutions in order to cope with the requirements of large-scale WSNs. In this work a new cluster-based architecture for sparse WSNs is introduced, the key issue of the solution presented is the multihop approach that is followed both in the communication from sensors to cluster-heads and from cluster-heads to the sink. Intercluster multihop communication allows the deployment of sparse WSNs in which cluster-heads can not communicate directly to the sink or to other cluster-heads. Results show that the total information forwarded decreases if compared to a flat topology allowing to increase either the size of the network or the battery duration.

Multihop cluster-based architecture for sparse wireless sensor networks

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Multihop cluster-based architecture for sparse wireless sensor networks