2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

/pdf/nonaqueous-liquid-electrolytes-for-lithium-based-uxm5ffbi18.pdf

Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Electrochemical energy storage is one of the main societal challenges to humankind in this century. The performances of classical Li-ion batteries (LIBs) with non-aqueous liquid electrolytes have made great advances in the past two decades, but the intrinsic instability of liquid electrolytes results in safety issues, and the energy density of the state-of-the-art LIBs cannot satisfy the practical requirement. Therefore, rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been intensively investigated considering the high theoretical capacity of lithium metal and its low negative potential. However, the progress in the field of non-aqueous liquid electrolytes for LMBs has been sluggish, with several seemingly insurmountable barriers, including dendritic Li growth and rapid capacity fading. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer a perfect solution to these safety concerns and to the enhancement of energy density. Traditional SPEs are dual-ion conductors, in which both cations and anions are mobile and will cause a concentration polarization thus leading to poor performances of both LIBs and LMBs. Single lithium-ion (Li-ion) conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SLIC-SPEs), which have anions covalently bonded to the polymer, inorganic backbone, or immobilized by anion acceptors, are generally accepted to have advantages over conventional dual-ion conducting SPEs for application in LMBs. A high Li-ion transference number (LTN), the absence of the detrimental effect of anion polarization, and the low rate of Li dendrite growth are examples of benefits of SLIC-SPEs. To date, many types of SLIC-SPEs have been reported, including those based on organic polymers, organic–inorganic hybrid polymers and anion acceptors. In this review, a brief overview of synthetic strategies on how to realize SLIC-SPEs is given. The fundamental physical and electrochemical properties of SLIC-SPEs prepared by different methods are discussed in detail. In particular, special attention is paid to the SLIC-SPEs with high ionic conductivity and high LTN. Finally, perspectives on the main challenges and focus on the future research are also presented.

Single lithium-ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes: advances and perspectives

Ionic liquids (ILs) are ambient temperature molten salts and have attracted considerable attention because of their unique properties such as nonflammability, negligible volatility, high ionic conductivity, and thermal stability. Here, we show that the combinations of macromolecules with ILs as solvents and additives could offer new progress, challenges, and opportunities in polymer materials science. Compatible binary systems, where ILs are solidified (gelled) by polymers, can be used as ion-conducting polymer electrolytes (ion gels). The ion transport in ion gels is found to be decoupled from the segmental motion of the polymers, leading to relatively high ionic conductivities even at their glass transition temperatures. The flexibility of the molecular design of ILs allows us to prepare many new ILs having electrochemical functionalities such as proton, electron, and lithium ion transport. The new ILs and their ion gels appear to be promising candidates as new materials for electrochemical applications...

Macromolecules in Ionic Liquids: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

Polymer electrolytes: Present, past and future

The uptake of LiOiPr in Mg2(dobdc) (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate) followed by soaking in a typical electrolyte solution leads to the new solid lithium electrolyte Mg2(dobdc)·0.35LiOiPr·0.25LiBF4·EC·DEC (EC = ethylene carbonate; DEC = diethyl carbonate). Two-point ac impedance data show a pressed pellet of this material to have a conductivity of 3.1 × 10–4 S/cm at 300 K. In addition, the results from variable-temperature measurements reveal an activation energy of just 0.15 eV, while single-particle data suggest that intraparticle transport dominates conduction.

/pdf/a-solid-lithium-electrolyte-via-addition-of-lithium-2nahqsxol1.pdf

A solid lithium electrolyte via addition of lithium isopropoxide to a metal-organic framework with open metal sites.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pol.1976.180140516

An anomalous transition to a lower activation energy for dc electrical conduction above the glass‐transition temperature

Experimental molar cyclization equilibrium constants for dimethylsiloxane cyclics having from 8 to ca 400 skeletal bonds are presented. The results for an undiluted equilibrate, an equilibrate in toluene solution, and an equilibrate in diglyme solution are compared. The increases in the equilibrium concentrations of cyclic oligomers, previously found to be large in good solvents (e.g., toluene) are found to be small in the poor solvent (diglyme). For macrocyclics, the cyclization equilibrium constants in the undiluted equilibrate and in diglyme (theta conditions) are found to be in good agreement with calculations which were carried out by assuming that chains are unperturbed and by using the rotational isomeric state model of Flory, Cresenzi, and Mark for polydimethylsiloxane. However, with chain polymer in dilute solution in a good solvent (toluene), the macrocyclization equilibrium constants are found to be lower than in the other two equilibrates. This result confirms the work of other authors who suggested that in this case the chains were expanded by excluded-volume effects.

Cyclization equilibrium constants and the conformations of polydimethylsiloxane chains

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An anomalous transition to a lower activation energy for dc electrical conduction above the glass‐transition temperature

Cyclization equilibrium constants and the conformations of polydimethylsiloxane chains