Broadband integrated optical modulators are key elements of modern optical information systems. The three main technological material platforms for their manufacture are considered: lithium niobate, III–V semiconductors, and silicon. Progress achieved in the development of integrated optical modulators is analyzed, and the main parameters of modulators obtained for various materials are compared with requirements for practical applications. Directions in the further development of the technology of modulators related to new problems in optical information systems are discussed.

Broadband integrated optical modulators: achievements and prospects

It is shown that the termination of the channeling of the fundamental radiation mode in the waveguide can be observed upon heating of an optical integrated circuit based on proton exchange channel waveguides formed in a lithium niobate single crystal. This process is reversible, but restoration of waveguide performance takes tens of minutes. The effect of the waveguide disappearance is observed upon rapid heating (5 K/min) from a low temperature (minus 40 °C). This effect can lead to a temporary failure of navigation systems using fiber optic gyroscopes with modulators based on a lithium niobate crystal.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/21/4585/pdf

“Shutdown” of the Proton Exchange Channel Waveguide in the Phase Modulator under the Influence of the Pyroelectric Effect

An excitation, distribution, and interaction of surface acoustic waves (SAW) with the guided light in integrated optical structures on X-cut lithium niobate substrates were studied. The resonance excitation frequencies, the spatial SAW distribution and the TE-TM optical mode conversion efficiency were investigated. An optimal configuration and most suited material of interdigital transducer (IDT) for integrated acousto-optic devices were found.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1236/1/012034/pdf

Optimal configuration of the waveguide acousto-optic TE-TM polarization mode convertor on X-cut lithium niobate substrate

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201909.0249/v1/download

"Shutdown" of the Proton Exchange Channel Waveguide in the Phase Modulator under the Influence of the Pyroelectric Effect

This paper presents detailed experimental and theoretical studies of the mode composition of light propagating along microstructured fibres having a solid core formed by 7 or 19 missing holes and differing in geometric parameters. The results are used to derive conditions for single fundamental mode operation of the fibres.

Guidance properties of few-mode large-mode-area microstructured fibres

We have studied the effect of process parameters on the mode profile in lithium niobate channel waveguides produced by low-temperature proton exchange. A model has been proposed for the processes underlying waveguide formation, and has been used to numerically calculate the mode profile for various fabrication parameters. We have identified low-temperature proton exchange conditions which ensure high electro-optical performance of the waveguides and stability towards fabrication errors. The obtained results may be helpful in optimising integrated optical devices and matching them to various types of optical fibres.

Optimisation of the proton-exchange technology for fabricating channel waveguides in lithium niobate crystals

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Optimisation of the proton-exchange technology for fabricating channel waveguides in lithium niobate crystals