Bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by some microorganisms has been widely accepted as a multifunctional nano-biomaterial. It is composed of linear glucan molecules attached with hydrogen bonds, which appears similar to plant cellulose. However, when compared with other conventional natural or synthesized counterparts, BC performs better in areas such as biomedicine, functional devices, water treatment, nanofillers, etc. for its distinct superior chemical purity, crystallinity, biocompatibility, and ultrafine network architecture. When BC is incorporated in a material or used as a scaffold, novel features result that are related to BC’s intrinsic characteristics mentioned above. This review mainly summarizes the recent developments of the functional products fabricated with BC. Besides, the controllable cultivation conditions should also be discussed for expecting to make a breakthrough in its productivity. We highlight the literatures mainly in last 5 years, exerting ourselves to provide the state-of-the-art opinions in areas wherever are focused on for BC researching.

Recent advances in bacterial cellulose

This review paper provides an overview regarding the main aspects of microbial lipases production. The most important microbial lipase-producing strains for submerged and solid-state fermentations are reviewed as well as the main substrates, including the use of agroindustrial residues. Current process techniques (batch, repeated-batch, fed-batch, and continuous mode) are discussed and the main bioreactors configurations are also presented. Furthermore, the present review paper shows a general overview about the development of mathematical models applied to lipase production. Finally, some future perspectives on lipase production are discussed with special emphasis on lipase engineering and the use of mathematical models as a useful tool for process improvement and control.

A Review on Microbial Lipases Production

Optimization of production medium is required to maximize the metabolite yield. This can be achieved by using a wide range of techniques from classical "one-factor-at-a-time" to modern statistical and mathematical techniques, viz. artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA) etc. Every technique comes with its own advantages and disadvantages, and despite drawbacks some techniques are applied to obtain best results. Use of various optimization techniques in combination also provides the desirable results. In this article an attempt has been made to review the currently used media optimization techniques applied during fermentation process of metabolite production. Comparative analysis of the merits and demerits of various conventional as well as modern optimization techniques have been done and logical selection basis for the designing of fermentation medium has been given in the present review. Overall, this review will provide the rationale for the selection of suitable optimization technique for media designing employed during the fermentation process of metabolite production.

/pdf/strategies-for-fermentation-medium-optimization-an-in-depth-5fywbf4a2b.pdf

Strategies for Fermentation Medium Optimization: An In-Depth Review.

Marine actinomycetes: an ongoing source of novel bioactive metabolites.

Genomic data often highlights an inconsistency between the number of gene clusters identified using bioinformatic approaches as potentially producing secondary metabolites and the actual number of chemically characterized secondary metabolites produced by any given microorganism. Such gene clusters are generally considered as “silent”, meaning that they are not expressed under laboratory conditions. Triggering expression of these “silent” clusters could result in unlocking the chemical diversity they control, allowing the discovery of novel molecules of both medical and biotechnological interest. Therefore, both genetic and cultivation-based techniques have been developed aimed at stimulating expression of these “silent” genes. The principles behind the cultivation based approaches have been conceptualized in the “one strain many compounds” (OSMAC) framework, which underlines how a single strain can produce different molecules when grown under different environmental conditions. Parameters such as, nutrient content, temperature, and rate of aeration can be easily changed, altering the global physiology of a microbial strain and in turn significantly affecting its secondary metabolism. As a direct extension of such approaches, co-cultivation strategies and the addition of chemical elicitors have also been used as cues to activate “silent” clusters. In this review, we aim to provide a focused and comprehensive overview of these strategies as they pertain to marine microbes. Moreover, we underline how changes in some parameters which have provided important results in terrestrial microbes, but which have rarely been considered in marine microorganisms, may represent additional strategies to awaken “silent” gene clusters in marine microbes. Unfortunately, the empirical nature of the OSMAC approach forces scientists to perform extensive laboratory experiments. Nevertheless, we believe that some computation and experimental based techniques which are used in other disciplines, and which we discuss; could be effectively employed to help streamline the OSMAC based approaches. We believe that natural products discovery in marine microorganisms would be greatly aided through the integration of basic microbiological approaches, computational methods, and technological innovations, thereby helping unearth much of the as yet untapped potential of these microorganisms.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/16/7/244/pdf

Extending the “One Strain Many Compounds” (OSMAC) Principle to Marine Microorganisms

The purpose of the present investigation is to enhance production of biomedically important enzyme lipase by subjecting the indigenous lipase producing strain Rhizopus sp. BTS-24 to improvement by natural selection and random mutagenesis (UV and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine, NTG). The isolation of mutants and the lipolytic activity of selected mutants were described. The best natural selectant BTNS 12 showed 110% higher lipase activity than the wild strain (BTS-24). The lipase yield of the best UV mutant BTUV3 was 164% higher than the parent strain (BTNS 12 ) and 180% times higher than the wild strain (BTS-24). Also, the lipase yield of the best NTG mutant BTNT 2 was 133 % higher than the parent strain (BTUV 3 ) and 232% higher than the wild strain (BTS-24). The results indicated that UV and NTG were effective mutagenic agents for strain improvement of Rhizopus sp . BTS-24 for enhanced lipase productivity. Key Words: Lipase, Rhizopus, UV, NTG. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.3(11) 2004: 618-621

/pdf/mutation-induced-enhanced-biosynthesis-of-lipase-b4hjacr9cy.pdf

Mutation induced enhanced biosynthesis of lipase

Lipase production by the mutant strain Rhizopus sp. BTNT-2 was optimized in submerged fermentation. Different chemical and physical parameters such as carbon sources, nitrogen sources, oils, inoculum level, pH, incubation time, incubation temperature and aeration have been extensively studied to increase lipase productivity. Potato starch (1.25% w/v) as a carbon source, corn steep liquor (1.5% w/v) as a nitrogen source and olive oil (0.5% v/v) as lipid source were found to be optimal for lipase production. The optimal levels of other parameters are 4 ml of inoculum (2.6 × 108 spores/ml), initial pH of 5.5, incubation time of 48 hours, incubation temperature of 28 °C and aeration rate of 120 rpm. With the optimized parameters, the highest production of lipase was 59.2 U/ml while an yield of only 28.7 U/ml was obtained before optimization resulting in 206% increase in the productivity. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Sequential parametric optimization of lipase production by a mutant strain Rhizopus sp. BTNT-2.

/pdf/short-communication-mutation-induced-enhanced-biosynthesis-37bo12lgm5.pdf

Short Communication- Mutation induced enhanced biosynthesis of lipase

Studies on a new marine streptomycete BT-408 producing polyketide antibiotic SBR-22 effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

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Mutation induced enhanced biosynthesis of lipase

Sequential parametric optimization of lipase production by a mutant strain Rhizopus sp. BTNT-2.

Short Communication- Mutation induced enhanced biosynthesis of lipase

Studies on a new marine streptomycete BT-408 producing polyketide antibiotic SBR-22 effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.