In this paper we summarize the evolution and contributions of superconducting magnets to particle accelerators as chronicled over the last 50 years of Particle Accelerator Conferences (PAC, NA-PAC and IPAC). We begin with an historical overview based primarily on PAC Proceedings augmented with references to key milestones in the development of superconducting magnets for particle accelerators. We then provide some illustrative examples of applications that have occurred over the past 50 years, focusing on those that have either been realized in practice or provided technical development for other projects, with discussion of possible future applications.

/pdf/superconducting-magnets-for-particle-accelerators-4310hp8884.pdf

Superconducting Magnets for Particle Accelerators

Fiber-optic thermometry has the potential to provide rapid and reliable quench detection for emerging large-scale, high-field superconducting magnets fabricated with high-temperature-superconductor (HTS) cables. Developing non-voltage-based quench detection schemes, such as fiber Bragg grating technology, are particularly important for applications such as magnetic fusion devices where a high degree of induced electromagnetic noise impose significant challenges on traditional voltage-based quench detection methods. To this end, two fiber optic quench detection techniques – fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and ultra-long fiber Bragg grating (ULFBG) – were incorporated into two VIPER high-current HTS cables and tested in the SULTAN facility, which provides high-fidelity operating conditions to large-scale superconducting magnets. During surface heater induced quench-like events under a variety of operating conditions, FBG and ULFBG demonstrated strong signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) ranging from 4 to 32 and measured single-digit temperature excursions; both the SNR and temperature sensitivity increase with temperature. Fiber thermal response times ranged between effectively instantaneous to a few seconds depending on the operating temperature. Strain sensitivity dominates the thermal sensitivity in the conditions achievable at SULTAN; however, measurements at higher quench evolution temperatures, coupled to future work to increase the thermal-to-strain signal, show promise for quench detection capability in full-scale magnets where temperature and strain may occur simultaneously. Overall, FBG and ULFBG were proven capable to quickly and reliably detect small temperature disturbances which induced quench initiation events for high current VIPER HTS conductors in realistic operating conditions, motivating further work to develop FBG and ULFGB quench detection systems for full-scale HTS magnets.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6668/abdba8/pdf

Fiber optic quench detection for large-scale HTS magnets demonstrated on VIPER cable during high-fidelity testing at the SULTAN facility

Following the analysis of the September 2008 LHC incident, the assembly process and the quality assurance of the main 13 kA interconnection splices were improved, with new measurement and diagnostics methods introduced. During the 2008-2009 shutdown ~5% of these 10 000 splices were newly assembled with these improvements implemented, but essentially maintaining the original design. It is known today that a limiting factor towards 7 TeV operation is the normal conducting resistance of ~15% of the original main 13 kA interconnection splices, associated to the electrical continuity of the copper stabiliser. A “Splices Task Force” has been set up at CERN to evaluate the need for, develop and test design improvements and prepare the implementation of a consolidation campaign. Important issues of splice design, process choice, resources and time requirements are considered.

/pdf/towards-a-consolidation-of-lhc-superconducting-splices-for-7-3harhbqz9i.pdf

Towards a Consolidation of LHC Superconducting Splices for 7 TeV Operation

The first proton run of the LHC was very successful and resulted in important physics discoveries. It was followed by a two-year shutdown where a large number of improvements were carried out. In 2015, the LHC was restarted and this second run aims at further exploring the physics of the standard model and beyond at an increased beam energy. This article gives a review of the performance achieved so far and the limitations encountered, as well as the future challenges for the CERN accelerators to maximize the data delivered to the LHC experiments in Run 2. Furthermore, the status of the 2016 LHC run and commissioning is discussed.

/pdf/lhc-run-2-results-and-challenges-cyxcby49so.pdf

LHC Run 2: Results and challenges

The Road to Discovery: Detector Alignment, Electron Identification, Particle Misidentification, WW Physics, and the Discovery of the Higgs Boson

/pdf/report-of-the-task-force-on-the-incident-of-19th-september-x3vytgor94.pdf

Report of the Task Force on the Incident of 19th September 2008 at the LHC

Beam-induced RF heating has been observed in several LHC components when the bunch/beam intensity was increased and/or the bunch length reduced. In particular eight bellows, out of the ten double-bellow modules present in the machine in 2011, were found with the spring, which should keep the RF fingers in good electrical contact with the central insert, broken. Following these observations, the designs of all the components of the LHC equipped with RF fingers have been reviewed. The lessons learnt and mitigation measures are presented in this paper.

/pdf/lessons-learnt-and-mitigation-measures-for-the-cern-lhc-3pxqbz0b6u.pdf

Lessons learnt and mitigation measures for the cern lhc equipment with rf fingers

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Report of the Task Force on the Incident of 19th September 2008 at the LHC

Lessons learnt and mitigation measures for the cern lhc equipment with rf fingers