Magnesium alloys are very biocompatiable and show promise for use in orthopaedic implant. Significant progress of research on bioabsorbable magnesium stents and orthopaedic bones has been achieved in recent years. The issues on degradation, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion fatigue and erosion corrosion of magnesium alloys and various influencing factors in simulated body fluid (SBF) are discussed. The research progress on magnesium and its alloys as biomaterials and miscellaneous approaches to enhancement in corrosion resistance is reviewed. Finally the challenges and strategy for their application as orthopaedic biomaterials are also proposed.

Progress and Challenge for Magnesium Alloys as Biomaterials

Plasma electrolytic oxidation of magnesium and its alloys: Mechanism, properties and applications

This paper reviews various aspects of anodizing of magnesium alloys, such as the basics, processes, properties and applications. It systematically summarises the existing fundamental studies and technical developments of anodizing of magnesium alloys, and concludes that new anodizing processes based on electrolytic plasma anodizing that convert the surface of a magnesium alloy into a hard ceramic coating in an electrolytic bath using high energy electric discharges can offer improved wear and corrosion resistance. These new anodized coatings are often claimed to perform better than the traditional ones obtained through older anodizing processes, such as DOW17 or HAE. The new anodizing techniques are chromate free and hence environment friendly. It is expected that more cost-effective, environment-friendly and non-toxic anodizing techniques will be developed and applied to magnesium alloy components in the future.

Anodizing Treatments for Magnesium Alloys and Their Effect on Corrosion Resistance in Various Environments

The review describes recent progress on understanding and quantification of the various phenomena that take place during plasma electrolytic oxidation, which is in increasing industrial use for pro...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09506608.2018.1466492

A review of recent work on discharge characteristics during plasma electrolytic oxidation of various metals

Recent progress in surface modification of metals coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation: Principle, structure, and performance

In the paper, a modified Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation process (PEO) to produce ceramic coatings on Al alloys, suitable for tribological applications, is discussed. The process utilises bipolar current pulses in the kHz frequency range, providing better control over plasma discharges occurring at the sample surface. The coatings, formed on a 2024 series Al alloy, are characterized by means of optical microscopy, SEM, EDX, XRD and surface profilometry. Microhardness and scratch adhesion tests are performed to evaluate the coating mechanical performance. The effects of current pulse frequency on both the layer growth kinetics and the process energy efficiency are discussed. It is found that in the 1 to 3 kHz frequency range, the layer growth rate can be increased from 0.5 to 1 to 1.6 to 3.2 μm min−1 and the volume fraction of the porous outer layer can be reduced from 25 to 20% to 15 to 10% of the total layer thickness, compared to the conventional 50 Hz AC PEO process. The inner layer, despite a slight increase in porosity, preserves a relatively high hardness of 1200 to 1500 HK25 and good adhesion (LC2=60 N), which should be sufficient for many tribological applications.

Oxide ceramic coatings on aluminium alloys produced by a pulsed bipolar plasma electrolytic oxidation process

In the last decades, several anodizing processes for Mg alloys have been proposed to achieve a good wear and corrosion resistance combination. In particular, Electro-Chemical Oxidation (ECO) showed an improved dense and compact anodized layer compared to other anodizing processes carried out above the dielectric breakdown voltage, such as Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO). However, the influence of the ECO treatment on the tribological behavior and cyclic mechanical performance of Mg alloys has not been investigated yet. This paper reports on the influence of ECO on dry sliding behavior (vs. 100Cr6 bearing steel (block-on-ring contact geometry)) and rotating bending fatigue performance of the rare earth (RE)-containing Mg alloy EV31A-T6, comparing it with both untreated EV31A-T6 and PEO-treated EV31A-T6, used as benchmarks. The ECO-treated alloy showed improved tribological behavior (critical load for coating failure one order of magnitude higher and coefficient of friction 40% lower than for PEO) and fatigue strength (no decrease for ECO-treated samples compared to the untreated alloy, while PEO-treated samples induced a 15% decrease) due to the increased compactness and lower defectivity of the anodized layer, induced by the minimization of destructive arc discharges during coating growth. In addition, the ECO treatment significantly improved wear resistance compared to the untreated alloy, avoiding, at the same time, the decrease in fatigue strength, which typically occurs after PEO. Therefore, the ECO process can be applied to improve wear resistance without decreasing the fatigue strength of high-performance components.

/pdf/influence-of-anodizing-by-electro-chemical-oxidation-on-1fc5v00s.pdf

Influence of Anodizing by Electro-Chemical Oxidation on Fatigue and Wear Resistance of the EV31A-T6 Cast Magnesium Alloy

The Corrosion Performance of Sealed KERONITE Coatings on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

New Generation of Keronite Process for Corrosion Protection of Magnesium

Abstract Considering the increasing interest for Al alloys in the packaging industry, where component lightweighting allows higher process efficiency, as well as the increasing use of additively manufactured parts, which may not show a satisfactory tribological behaviour in the as-built condition, anodising by Electrochemical Oxidation (ECO) and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) was applied to as-built A357 (AlSi7Mg0.6) produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). ECO allowed to compensate surface and surface-connected defects in LPBF A357 and produced a thicker, less-defective anodic oxide than PEO, providing higher wear resistance whilst maintaining a lower Coefficient of Friction (COF) in dry sliding tests against 100Cr6 steel. Polishing before ECO only resulted in negligible friction and wear improvements, even if it improved the compactness of the anodic oxide. 

/pdf/anodizing-by-electrochemical-oxidation-eco-of-the-laser-35ub3l6a.pdf

Anodizing by Electrochemical Oxidation (ECO) of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion-processed A357 aluminium alloy: microstructural characterization and dry sliding behaviour

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