We present the most up-to-date X-ray luminosity function (XLF) and absorption function of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) over the redshift range from 0 to 5, utilizing the largest, highly complete sample ever available obtained from surveys performed with Swift/BAT, MAXI, ASCA, XMM-Newton, Chandra, and ROSAT. The combined sample, including that of the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey, consists of 4039 detections in the soft (0.5--2 keV) and/or hard ($>2$ keV) band. We utilize a maximum likelihood method to reproduce the count-rate versus redshift distribution for each survey, by taking into account the evolution of the absorbed fraction, the contribution from Compton-thick (CTK) AGNs, and broad band spectra of AGNs including reflection components from tori based on the luminosity and redshift dependent unified scheme. We find that the shape of the XLF at $z \sim 1-3$ is significantly different from that in the local universe, for which the luminosity dependent density evolution model gives much better description than the luminosity and density evolution model. These results establish the standard population synthesis model of the X-Ray Background (XRB), which well reproduces the source counts, the observed fractions of CTK AGNs, and the spectrum of the hard XRB. The number ratio of CTK AGNs to the absorbed Compton-thin (CTN) AGNs is constrained to be $\approx$0.5--1.6 to produce the 20--50 keV XRB intensity within present uncertainties, by assuming that they follow the same evolution as CTN AGNs. The growth history of supermassive black holes is discussed based on the new AGN bolometric luminosity function.

/pdf/toward-the-standard-population-synthesis-model-of-the-x-ray-41valwm8lf.pdf

Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations

Aims: Pointed observations with XMM-Newton provide the basis for creating catalogues of X-ray sources detected serendipitously in each field. This paper describes the creation and characteristics of the 2XMM catalogue. Methods: The 2XMM catalogue has been compiled from a new processing of the XMM-Newton EPIC camera data. The main features of the processing pipeline are described in detail. Results: The catalogue, the largest ever made at X-ray wavelengths, contains 246,897 detections drawn from 3491 public XMM-Newton observations over a 7-year interval, which relate to 191,870 unique sources. The catalogue fields cover a sky area of more than 500 sq.deg. The non-overlapping sky area is ~360 sq.deg. (~1% of the sky) as many regions of the sky are observed more than once by XMM-Newton. The catalogue probes a large sky area at the flux limit where the bulk of the objects that contribute to the X-ray background lie and provides a major resource for generating large, well-defined X-ray selected source samples, studying the X-ray source population and identifying rare object types. The main characteristics of the catalogue are presented, including its photometric and astrometric properties .

/pdf/the-xmm-newton-serendipitous-survey-v-the-second-xmm-newton-18r1up8hhf.pdf

The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey. V. The Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue

/pdf/toward-the-standard-population-synthesis-model-of-the-x-ray-126rpldih6.pdf

Toward the standard population synthesis model of the x-ray background: evolution of x-ray luminosity and absorption functions of active galactic nuclei including compton-thick populations

Context. Aims. Intrinsic absorption is a fundamental physical property to understand the evolution of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Here a sample of 1290 AGN, selected in the 2‐10 keV band from dierent flux-limited surveys with very high optical identification completeness is studied. Methods. The AGN are grouped into two classes, unabsorbed (type-1) and absorbed (type-2), depending on their optical spectroscopic classification and X‐ray absorption properties, using hardness ratios. Utilizing the optical to X‐ray flux ratios, a rough correction for the 8% redshift incompleteness still present in the sample is applied. Then the fraction of absorbed sources is determined as a function of X-ray luminosity and redshift. Results. A strong decrease of the absorbed fraction with X-ray luminosity is found. This can be represented by an almost linear decrease from 80% to 20% in the luminosity range logLX=42‐46 and is consistent with similar derivations in the optical and MIR bands. Several methods are used to study a possible evolution of the absorption fraction. A significant increase of the absorbed fraction with redshift is found, which can be described by a power law (1+ z) 0:760:12 , saturating at a redshift of z2. Conclusions. The variation of the AGN absorption with luminosity and redshift is described with higher statistical accuracy and smaller systematic errors than previous results. The findings have important consequences for the broader context of AGN and galaxy co-evolution. Here it is proposed that the cosmic downsizing in the AGN population is due to two dierent feeding mechanisms: a fast process of merger driven accretion at high luminosities and high redshifts versus a slow process of gas accretion from gravitational instabilities in galactic disks rebuilding around pre-formed bulges and black holes.

/pdf/absorption-properties-and-evolution-of-active-galactic-4kzh3cu3km.pdf

Absorption properties and evolution of active galactic nuclei

A quasar catalogue is presented with a total of 510 764 objects including 424 748 type 1 QSOs and 26 623 type 1 AGN complete from the literature to 2015 January 25. Also included are 25015 high-confidence SDSS-based photometric quasars with radio/X-ray associations, 1595 BL Lac objects, and 32783 type 2 objects. Each object is displayed with arcsecond-accurate astrometry, red and blue photometry, redshift, citations, and radio and X-ray associations where present. Also, 114 new spectroscopically confirmed quasars are presented.

/pdf/the-half-million-quasars-hmq-catalogue-1b01wlg5sq.pdf

The Half Million Quasars (HMQ) Catalogue

We present the XMM-Newton Medium sensitivity Survey (XMS), including a total of 318 X-ray sources found among the serendipitous content of 25 XMM-Newton target fields. The XMS comprises four largely overlapping source samples selected at soft (0.5-2 keV), intermediate (0.5-4.5 keV), hard (2-10 keV) and ultra-hard (4.5-7.5 keV) bands, the first three of them being flux-limited. We report on the optical identification of the XMS samples, complete to 85-95%. At the intermediate flux levels sampled by the XMS we find that the X-ray sky is largely dominated by Active Galactic Nuclei. The fraction of stars in soft X-ray selected samples is below 10%, and only a few per cent for hard selected samples. We find that the fraction of optically obscured objects in the AGN population stays constant at around 15-20% for soft and intermediate band selected X-ray sources, over 2 decades of flux. The fraction of obscured objects amongst the AGN population is larger (~35-45%) in the hard or ultra-hard selected samples, and constant across a similarly wide flux range. The distribution in X-ray-to-optical flux ratio is a strong function of the selection band, with a larger fraction of sources with high values in hard selected samples. Sources with X-ray-to-optical flux ratios in excess of 10 are dominated by obscured AGN, but with a significant contribution from unobscured AGN.

/pdf/the-xmm-newton-serendipitous-survey-v-optical-identification-1vdn3wm9ae.pdf

The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey V. Optical identification of the XMM-Newton Medium sensitivity Survey (XMS)

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The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Survey V. Optical identification of the XMM-Newton Medium sensitivity Survey (XMS)