Electronic Textiles (e-textiles) are fabrics that feature electronics and interconnections woven into them, presenting physical flexibility and typical size that cannot be achieved with other existing electronic manufacturing techniques. Components and interconnections are intrinsic to the fabric and thus are less visible and not susceptible of becoming tangled or snagged by surrounding objects. E-textiles can also more easily adapt to fast changes in the computational and sensing requirements of any specific application, this one representing a useful feature for power management and context awareness. The vision behind wearable computing foresees future electronic systems to be an integral part of our everyday outfits. Such electronic devices have to meet special requirements concerning wearability. Wearable systems will be characterized by their ability to automatically recognize the activity and the behavioral status of their own user as well as of the situation around her/him, and to use this information to adjust the systems' configuration and functionality. This review focuses on recent advances in the field of Smart Textiles and pays particular attention to the materials and their manufacturing process. Each technique shows advantages and disadvantages and our aim is to highlight a possible trade-off between flexibility, ergonomics, low power consumption, integration and eventually autonomy.

/pdf/wearable-electronics-and-smart-textiles-a-critical-review-2oa10tsfxp.pdf

Wearable Electronics and Smart Textiles: A Critical Review

Preface 1. Introduction 2. FDTD Method for periodic structure analysis 3. EBG Characterizations and classifications 4. Design and optimizations of EBG structures 5. Patch antennas with EBG structures 6. Low profile wire antennas on EBG surfaces 7. Surface wave antennas Appendix: EBG literature review.

/pdf/electromagnetic-band-gap-structures-in-antenna-engineering-luh3tdu8zr.pdf

Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna Engineering

This paper provides a review of recent developments in the rapidly changing and advancing field of smart fabric sensor and electronic textile technologies. It summarizes the basic principles and approaches employed when building fabric sensors as well as the most commonly used materials and techniques used in electronic textiles. This paper shows that sensing functionality can be created by intrinsic and extrinsic modifications to textile substrates depending on the level of integration into the fabric platform. The current work demonstrates that fabric sensors can be tailored to measure force, pressure, chemicals, humidity and temperature variations. Materials, connectors, fabric circuits, interconnects, encapsulation and fabrication methods associated with fabric technologies prove to be customizable and versatile but less robust than their conventional electronics counterparts. The findings of this survey suggest that a complete smart fabric system is possible through the integration of the different types of textile based functional elements. This work intends to be a starting point for standardization of smart fabric sensing techniques and e-textile fabrication methods.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/23/5/053001/pdf

Smart fabric sensors and e-textile technologies: a review

This paper presents an overview of principles and requirements for powering wireless sensors by radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting or transport. The feasibility of harvesting is discussed, leading to the conclusion that RF energy transport is preferred for powering small sized sensors. These sensors are foreseen in future Smart Buildings. Transmitting in the ISM frequency bands, respecting the transmit power limits ensures that the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure limits are not exceeded. With the transmit side limitations being explored, the propagation channel is next discussed, leading to the observation that a better than free-space attenuation may be achieved in indoors line-of-sight environments. Then, the components of the rectifying antenna (rectenna) are being discussed: rectifier, dc-dc boost converter, and antenna. The power efficiencies of all these rectenna subcomponents are being analyzed and finally some examples are shown. To make RF energy transport a feasible powering technology for low-power sensors, a number of precautions need to be taken. The propagation channel characteristics need to be taken into account by creating an appropriate transmit antenna radiation pattern. All subcomponents of the rectenna need to be impedance matched, and the power transfer efficiencies of the rectifier and the boost converter need to be optimized.

RF Energy Harvesting and Transport for Wireless Sensor Network Applications: Principles and Requirements

Performance of a dual-band coplanar patch antenna integrated with an electromagnetic band gap substrate is described. The antenna structure is made from common clothing fabrics and operates at the 2.45 and 5 GHz wireless bands. The design of the coplanar antenna, band gap substrate, and their integration is presented. The band gap array consists of just 3 times 3 elements but reduces radiation into the body by over 10 dB and improves the antenna gain by 3 dB. The performance of the antenna under bending conditions and when placed on the human body are presented.

/pdf/dual-band-wearable-textile-antenna-on-an-ebg-substrate-1489m5v6qf.pdf

Dual-Band Wearable Textile Antenna on an EBG Substrate

This paper describes how the performance of wearable textile antennas is affected on the antenna bending. Here, we will focus on the resonance frequency fluctuation and input-match bandwidth variation due to the antenna bending. The results are given for three different antennas, namely, a conventional patch, EBG, and dual-band U-slot antennas.

Textile antennas: Effects of antenna bending on input matching and impedance bandwidth

The development of small integrated antennas plays a significant role in the progress of rapidly expanding wireless communication applications. This paper describes a novel dual-band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for wireless local area network applications. The proposed PIFA uses single feed only. A novel top-plate geometry, a U-shaped slot, is discussed. An example is given for this novel slot shape for frequency bands of 2.4 and 5.2 GHz. Simulation based upon the method of moments (MoM) is used to model the performance of the antenna. Comparisons with results measured on fabricated antenna structures are provided for simulations validation.

Single-feed dual-band planar inverted-F antenna with U-shaped slot

Small printed antennas will replace the commonly used normal-mode helical antennas of mobile handsets and systems in the future. This paper presents a novel small planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) which is a common PIFA in which a U-shaped slot is etched to form a dual band operation for wearable and ubiquitous computing equipment. Health issues are considered in selecting suitable antenna topology and the placement of the antenna. Various applications are presented while the paper mainly discusses about the GSM applications.

A small planar inverted-F antenna for wearable applications

The development of wearable computer systems and smart clothing has been rapid. They are coming more and more lightweight and quite soon we will see a wide range of unobtrusive wearable and ubiquitous computing equipment integrated to into our everyday wear. Rapid progress in wireless communication promises to replace wired-communication networks in the near future in which antennas have a more important role. This paper presents a novel fabric WLAN antenna for wearable applications such as sports wear and emergency worker outfits. The substrate of the patch antenna is made of a very low-cost fleece fabric. The radiating element and groundplane are made of knitted copper. To our best knowledge this is the first compact fabric antenna design for commercial smart clothing. Measured results are compared with simulations and good agreement was observed.

A novel fabric WLAN antenna for wearable applications

How the performance of wearable textile antennas is affected on the antenna bending is described herein. The authors focus on the resonance frequency fluctuation and input-match bandwidth variation due to the antenna bending. The results are given for three different antennas, namely, a conventional patch, EBG, and dual-band U-slot antennas

Textile antennas: effects of antenna bending on input matching and impedance bandwidth

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