Field experiments, using Vicia faba cvs Herz Freya and/or Maris Bead were made in 1972–5. Population densities were varied and shading treatments were applied. Soil moisture content was monitored throughout. Maximum dry-matter production per plant and per unit area were similar in 1973 and 1974, but lower in 1975. Variations in growth were associated with variations in soil moisture content. When pods began to fill, plants reached maximum total water content and root growth ceased.Increasing density enhanced, and shading retarded both leaf senescence and seed maturation. Maximum potential seed yield (5–6 t/ha) in 1974 was obtained at 32plants/m2. In 1975, yields of 7–9 t/ha were obtained at 66 plants/m2, probably as a result of retention of many pods by the plants. Since total dry-matter production was lower in 1975 than in 1974 we conclude that photosynthetic potential did not limit yield in the earlier year.From the patterns of rainfall, soil moisture and plant water content, we suggest that water supply may be a more important factor controlling yield than either solar radiation or plant competition, with the period following pod setting being especially vital. At this time plant water requirement may often be in excess of supply.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0021859600034791

Seasonal growth patterns in field beans ( Vicia faba ) as affected by population density, shading and its relationship with soil moisture

Nodulation and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

N fixation data, estimated by the acetylene reduction technique and by total N content are given for the field experiments reported by Sprent, Bradford & Norton (1977).Maximum potential acetylene reducing activity per plant varied little from year to year. At low population densities a maximum rate of activity was observed shortly after flowering. As density increased this maximum became less pronounced and environmental factors (such as water supply) exerted increasing effects on activity. Shading prolonged activity and delayed nodule senescence.Total plant N continued to increase almost to seed maturation. As plants aged, the acetylene reduction technique progressively underestimated N accumulation. Maximum Nfixed/ha/year was over 600 kg. Itis concluded that the potential for N fixation in this crop is sufficient to sustain high yields.

Nitrogen fixation in field beans (Vicia faba) as affected by population density, shading and its relationship with soil moisture

Summary
Cross-inoculation group specificity in Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) was studied. Seventy-one strains of root nodule bacteria of C. arietinum were examined for nodulation on 87 species of legumes. These species represent all the known cross-inoculation groups and were selected from various tribes and genera of family Fabaceae and Mimosaceae. In a reciprocal cross-inoculation study, 287 strains of root nodule bacteria from 52 of the 87 species, were examined on various genotypes of C. arietinum.

C. arietinum and its root nodule bacteria did not show cross inoculation affinity with any of the members of the known cross-inoculation groups: alfalfa, clover, pea, bean, soybean, lupin-lotus and cowpea miscellany; except for some loose non-reciprocal kinship with Sesbania, which in its turn has strong affinity with the cowpea miscellany. However, under natural conditions in soil, even the loose non-reciprocal kinship between Cicer and Sesbania was rare. For practical reasons, it is suggested that C. arietinum and its root nodule bacteria should be considered in a separate cross-inoculation group.

‘Cross-inoculation host specificity’ appears to be of some help in the revision of the taxonomy of order Leguminosales and supports the placement of Cicer in a monogeneric tribe Cicereae.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1979.tb02305.x

Cross inoculation group specificity in cicer-rhizobium symbiosis

The purpose of this paper is to review the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. The importance of nitrogen derives mainly from its fundamental nutritional role, but is also due to the fact that nitrogenous substances are important environmental pollutants. The possible effect of the interaction between nitrogen oxides and the stratospheric ozone layer is a global concern. There are also environmental problems, of local to regional character, in relation to nitrogen that deserve attention, such as the contamination of ground water by heavy applications of nitrogen fertilizer, thus making drinking-water from these sources unfit for human consumption. Increased levels of nitrogen in air and precipitation are creating changes in the atmospheric chemical climate, one result of which being eutrophication of the environment. The acidification of rain-water by nitrogen oxides is another example of the environmental consequences of nitrogen use.

The Nitrogen Cycles

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

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Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation