The tephritid Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) is a harmful pest of olive crops; its larvae are monophagous and feed exclusively on olive fruits. Despite the economic importance of this species, important issues remain to be clarified. In the present study, the genetic variability within and among 21 populations was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (seven primers). A considerable level of intraspecific diversity was detected (at population level: P = 51-70%, Hpop = 4.61; at species level: P = 63%, Hsp = 5.38) but the genetic differentiation among the populations was low (Shannon's diversity index 14%, amova 4-8%). However, the dendrogram and principal components analysis reflect some interesting points. The most southerly of the Mediterranean populations (Tunisia) differ significantly from the remaining populations. The general results might be explained by the length of time that has elapsed as B. oleae became established in the Mediterranean region, the large effective sizes expected of its populations and gene flow among these populations. The results strongly suggest the existence of a single, large Northern Mediterranean olive fly population rather than several small, isolated populations and have a significant value in terms of control practices.

Bactrocera oleae: a single large population in Northern Mediterranean basin

Ceratitis capitata is one of the most important pest species in the tropical and temperate regions of the world, however, genetic knowledge of this species is still very limited. In the present study, we have attempted for the first time an analysis of the genetic variability in seven natural populations of C. capitata by means of abundant soluble proteins, combining high resolution techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining methods. A total of 66 polypeptides have been analyzed. The results show the existence of a decreasing trend in the ‘levels’ of polymorphism from the southern areas to the northern that is correlated with the latitude of the sampling areas, most probably due to the colonization process of the Iberian Peninsula. On the other hand, and with relation to the ‘pattern’ of the variability, a geographic differentiation (not strictly latitudinal) is detected when an UPGMA clustering method was applied to the data. Moreover, principal component anaysis has revealed that a part of this differentiation could be explained in relation with environmental factors such as annual rainfall and minimum temperature in winter months. This is suggesting that selection (added to the historical process) could be playing an important role in the process of geographic differentiation, ‘shaping’ the pattern of that variability. No host-related differentiation has been observed in these samples.

Genetic differentiation in Spanish populations of Ceratitis capitata as revealed by abundant soluble protein analysis.

Introduction. The Tephritidae Ceratitis capitata is one of the most important agricultural pests in the world. Eradication programmes need as much genetic information as possible to be efficient. It is vital to know the genetic variation that exists in the areas thought to have been important in the expansion of the species, such as the Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic structure of Spanish C. capitata populations and the relationships between them. Materials and methods. We studied the genetic varia- bility of populations of C. capitata (eight wild samples and one laboratory strain) through the use of the horizontal starch gel electrophoresis technique and the assay of fifteen enzyme- coding loci chosen at random. Results. The quantity of variability detected in this polypha- gous species was not high. Of the 15 loci studied, only four were clearly polymorphic. No significant differences were found in any comparison of populations collected from different hosts. Discussion. The distribution patterns of this variation seem to be the result of gene flow and selection in the form of agricultural practices. Spain / Ceratitis capitata / electrophoresis / genetic variation

/pdf/allozymic-variability-in-spanish-populations-of-ceratitis-37lojienqj.pdf

Allozymic variability in Spanish populations of Ceratitis capitata

CALLEJAS, C ; RODA, P.; REYES, A. y OCHANDO, M. D., 1998: Identificacion genetica de Dacus -Bactroceraoleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae) mediante marcadores RAPD-PCR. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 24(Adenda al n.° 4): 873-882. The introduction of molecular genetic methodologies in the field of applied entomology, can offer us an unique opportunity for unambigous identification of species, as well as for the characterization of races, biotypes and populations. In the present work, we have used the RAPD-PCR tecnique, to genetically identify two population samples of Dacus -Bactroceraoleae, one from Jaen, and the other from Sevilla. A total of 30 adult flies from each population were screened with 7 diferent primers. From the 94 obtained bands, 17 were present in all the analyzed individuals, 11 only present in one or the other population, however in very low frequencies, and the rest were variables. The results make evident the validity of the RAPD-PCR technique for characterization and unambiguous identification of insects, with the obvious derived advantages for pest control management.

Identificación genética de Dacus - Bactrocera- oleae Gmelin (Diptera:Tephritidae) mediante marcadores RAPD-PCR

Hoy en dia, los posibles cambios geneticos subyacentes en mecanismos de resistencia inducida, son practicamente desconocidos Sin embargo, resulta evidente la necesidad de esa informacion genetica en la planificacion de los programas de control integrado si queremos una lucha contra las plagas mas eficaz y ecologicamente aceptable El cultivo del tomate en Espana constituye un importante elemento de nuestra agricultura, y una de las plagas mas daninas sobre ese cultivo es Bemisia tabaci, que a su capacidad de infestacion une la de ser transmisora de un elevado numero de virosis a los cultivos que ataca Asi, en el presente trabajo hemos analizado los cambios geneticos provocados en B tabaci por la presencia de un elicitor, el benzotiacidol (BTH), en sus plantas hospedadoras, tomate Los resultados, aun cuando preliminares, evidencian algunas pequenas diferencias geneticas entre diferentes muestras (tratadas y testigo), que resultan interesantes para avanzar en el conocimiento de las relaciones huesped-parasito y, en concreto, en el caso de la resistencia inducida

Variabilidad genética en "Bemisia tabaci" (Gennadius) en mecanismos de resistencia inducida en plantas de tomate

REYES, A; C CALLEJAS, P RODA Y M D OCHANDO: Caracterizacion genetica en Ceratitis capitata asociada a fruto hospedador II Analisis mediante RAPD-PCR Bol San Veg Plagas, 22 (2): 361-371 We have used the RAPD-PCR tecnique, to genetically identify two simpatric population samples of Ceratitis capitata, one infesting figs, and the other peaches This methodology revealed a large amount of genetic variation in these two populations A total of 183 bands were detected, 49 present in all the screened individuals, 19 only present in one or the other population, however in low frequencies, and 5 show up frequencies statistically different between populations The results are discussed in relation to the validity of the RAPD-PCR technique to host and biotype diagnostics

Caracterización genética en Ceratitis capitata asociada a fruto hospedador. II. Análisis mediante RAPD-PCR.

RODA, P.; C. CALLEJAS, A. REYES Y M. D. OCHANDO, 1996: Caracterizacion geneti- ca en Ceratitis capitata wied. asociada a fruto hospedador. I. Analisis isoenzimatico.Bol. San Veg. Plagas, 22 (1): 71-78Allozyme variation at 22 enzyme loci were compared for two simpatric samples ofCeratitis capitata , one infesting figs and the other, peaches. Aliele frequencies for 5 ofthe 22 loci displaying host associated differences. However this genetic differentiation,we can not possitively affirm the existence of host races.Host recognition and host associated developmental traits are discussed as impor-tant selective factors differentiating peach and fig flies.Key words: Ceratitis capitata, electrophoresis, genetic variability, host race.REFERENCIAS AYALA, F.J., POWELL, J.R., TRACEY, M.L., MOURAO, C.A. AND PEREZ-SALAS, S. 1972. Enzyme variabilityin the Drosophila willistoni group. IV. Genetic varia-tion in natural populations of Drosophila willistoni.Genetics, 70:113-139. BARUFFI, L., DAMIANI, G., GUGLELMINO, C.R., BANDI, C,MALACRIDA, A.R. AND GASPERI, G. 1995. Polymorphism

Caracterización genética en Ceratitis capitata Wied. asociada a fruto hospedador. I. Análisis isoenzimático

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Caracterización genética en Ceratitis capitata asociada a fruto hospedador. II. Análisis mediante RAPD-PCR.

Caracterización genética en Ceratitis capitata Wied. asociada a fruto hospedador. I. Análisis isoenzimático

Identificación genética de Dacus - Bactrocera- oleae Gmelin (Diptera:Tephritidae) mediante marcadores RAPD-PCR