Five cDNAs encoding Rac protein homologues to the Rho-related proteins from plants (Rop) were isolated in tobacco, and the function of one of them, Ntrac5, was studied. The Ntrac5 mRNA is repressed when tobacco leaves and cells are treated with the fungal elicitor cryptogein. Tobacco cells were transformed with sense constructs of Ntrac5 or Ntrac5V15, encoding the native GTP/GDP-bound form of this Rac protein homologue or the constitutively active mutant in its GTP-bound form, respectively. Immunological studies indicate that the corresponding protein is continuously located on the plasma membrane (PM). Both types of transformed cells show the same extra-cellular alkalinization as the control, but a high decrease in the active oxygen species (AOS) production after elicitation with cryptogein. Moreover, the regulation of NtrbohD, the oxidase involved in AOS production upon elicitation, is affected at both transcriptional and translational levels in cells overexpressing Ntrac5. Thus, Ntrac5 could be considered as a negative regulator of NtrbohD.

Rac regulation of NtrbohD, the oxidase responsible for the oxidative burst in elicited tobacco cell.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.073

Proteasome comprising a β1 inducible subunit acts as a negative regulator of NADPH oxidase during elicitation of plant defense reactions

In nature, plants develop in complex, adaptive environments. Plants must therefore respond efficiently to environmental stressors to maintain homeostasis and enhance their fitness. Although many coordinated processes remain integral for achieving homeostasis and driving plant development, reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as critical, fast-acting orchestrators that link abiotic and biotic responses to plant homeostasis and development. In addition to the suite of enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROS processing pathways that plants possess, they also rely on their microbiota to buffer and maintain the oxidative window needed to balance anabolic and catabolic processes. Strong evidence has been communicated recently that links ROS regulation to the aggregated function(s) of commensal microbiota and plant-growth-promoting microbes. To date, many reports have put forth insightful syntheses that either detail ROS regulation across plant development (independent of plant microbiota) or examine abiotic–biotic feedbacks in plant microbiomes (independent of clear emphases on ROS regulation). Here we provide a novel synthesis that incorporates recent findings regarding ROS and plant development in the context of both microbiota regulation and plant-associated microbes. Specifically, we discuss various roles of ROS across plant development to strengthen the links between plant microbiome functioning and ROS regulation for both basic and applied research aims.

/pdf/linking-reactive-oxygen-species-ros-to-abiotic-and-biotic-9k9jkrzd.pdf

Linking Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) to Abiotic and Biotic Feedbacks in Plant Microbiomes: The Dose Makes the Poison

Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) such as Phoma sp (isolates GS8-1, GS8-2 and GS8-3) and non-sporulating fungus (isolate GU21-2) were tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance against Colletotrichum orbiculare in cucumber These isolates, used as colonized barley kernels to natural soils, induced systemic resistance in the greenhouse as well as in the field Different elicitors from PGPF such as cell walls retaining or lacking protein and lipids, cell walls lipid fraction, and three fractions of culture filtrate (CF) with different molecular weight ranges were tested for their ability to elicit the defense response of cucumber plants under controlled conditions Cell wall fraction lacking protein and lipids and the cell wall lipid fraction from root colonizing isolates GS8-1, GS8-2, and GS8-3 protected plants against C orbiculare While, only cell wall lipid fraction and CF fractions of different molecular weight ranges of the isolate GU21-2 protected plants against C orbiculare infectio

Mechanism of induced systemic resistance against anthracnose disease in cucumber by plant growth-promoting fungi

Summary
A cDNA encoding a protein, NtrbohD, located on the plasma membrane and homologue to the flavocytochrome of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase, was cloned in tobacco. The corresponding mRNA was accumulated when tobacco leaves and cells were treated with the fungal elicitor cryptogein. After elicitation with cryptogein, tobacco cells transformed with antisense constructs of NtrbohD showed the same extracellular alkalinization as the control, but no longer produced active oxygen species (AOS). This work represents the first demonstration of the function of a homologue of gp91–phox in AOS production in elicited tobacco cells.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01342.x

The plasma membrane oxidase NtrbohD is responsible for AOS production in elicited tobacco cells

Early observations suggested that neutral polysaccharides from parasitic fungi could be universal elicitors of plant defence reactions [1]. However, more recent findings have indicated that unsaturated fatty acids and lipoconjugates are the active elicitors of phytoalexin accumulation in potato tubers [2]. But arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids are not universal elicitors either: they induce phytoalexin accumulation in potato and pepper, but not in twelve other plant species surveyed, including other Solanaceae, tobacco and tomato [3].

Differential Elicitation Activities of Fractions from Phytophthora Spp. On Several Host-Plants

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Differential Elicitation Activities of Fractions from Phytophthora Spp. On Several Host-Plants