Daphnia magna exhibits a parthenogenetic reproductive cycle linked to a moulting cycle, but regulatory mechanisms of neither moulting nor reproductive cycle are understood in daphnids. Moulting is regulated by ecdysteroids in insects. A previous study showed that a titre of ecdysteroids changed during the reproductive cycle in D. magna; however, no clear correlation among titre, moulting and reproductive cycles has been proved in daphnids. To understand endocrine mechanisms underlying the coordinated reproductive cycle, we analysed the expression of genes coding for enzymes in ecdysteroids synthesis or inactivation pathways, and the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) on moulting and ovulation in D. magna. We cloned orthologues of neverland (nvd) and shade (shd) in the ecdysteroids synthesis pathway, and Cyp18a1 in the ecdysteroids inactivation pathway previously identified in insects. Gene expression of Cyp18a1 changed conversely with the fluctuation in ecdysteroids titre during the intermoulting period. Tissue-specific expression analysis of nvd showed a prominent expression in the gut. Furthermore, treatment of adult female D. magna with 20E inhibited moulting and/or ovulation. Our cloning and phylogenetic analyses showed that nvd and shd as well as Cyp18a1 are evolutionary conserved in D. magna, suggesting that these genes appeared in arthropods before the radiation of insects. The gene expression analysis during the reproductive cycle indicated that Cyp18a1 possibly regulates the decline of ecdysteroid titre before moulting and ovulation. Furthermore, the expression of nvd in the gut suggested that ecdysone might be synthesised in the gut. Exogenous 20E-treatment resulted in the failure of not only moulting, but also ovulation, suggesting that a low level of ecdysteroids before moulting is required for moulting and ovulation in D. magna.

/pdf/roles-of-ecdysteroids-for-progression-of-reproductive-cycle-3n533l471x.pdf

Roles of ecdysteroids for progression of reproductive cycle in the fresh water crustacean Daphnia magna

The swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus is a commercially important crab species in East Asia countries. Gonadal development is a physiological process of great significance to the reproduction as well as commercial seed production for P. trituberculatus. However, little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms governing the developmental processes of gonads in this species. To open avenues of molecular research on P. trituberculatus gonadal development, Illumina paired-end sequencing technology was employed to develop deep-coverage transcriptome sequencing data for its gonads. Illumina sequencing generated 58,429,148 and 70,474,978 high-quality reads from the ovary and testis cDNA library, respectively. All these reads were assembled into 54,960 unigenes with an average sequence length of 879 bp, of which 12,340 unigenes (22.45% of the total) matched sequences in GenBank non-redundant database. Based on our transcriptome analysis as well as published literature, a number of candidate genes potentially involved in the regulation of gonadal development of P. trituberculatus were identified, such as FAOMeT, mPRγ, PGMRC1, PGDS, PGER4, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSDs. Differential expression analysis generated 5,919 differentially expressed genes between ovary and testis, among which many genes related to gametogenesis and several genes previously reported to be critical in differentiation and development of gonads were found, including Foxl2, Wnt4, Fst, Fem-1 and Sox9. Furthermore, 28,534 SSRs and 111,646 high-quality SNPs were identified in this transcriptome dataset. This work represents the first transcriptome analysis of P. trituberculatus gonads using the next generation sequencing technology and provides a valuable dataset for understanding molecular mechanisms controlling development of gonads and facilitating future investigation of reproductive biology in this species. The molecular markers obtained in this study will provide a fundamental basis for population genetics and functional genomics in P. trituberculatus and other closely related species.

/pdf/de-novo-transcriptome-analysis-of-portunus-trituberculatus-3yqk2dk16i.pdf

De novo Transcriptome Analysis of Portunus trituberculatus Ovary and Testis by RNA-Seq: Identification of Genes Involved in Gonadal Development.

Phytoestrogens are literally estrogenic substances of plant origin. Although these substances are useful for plants in many aspects, their estrogenic properties are essentially relevant to their predators. As such, phytoestrogens can be considered to be substances potentially dedicated to plant–predator interaction. Therefore, it is not surprising to note that the word phytoestrogen comes from the early discovery of estrogenic effects in grazing animals and humans. Here, several compounds whose activities have been discovered at nutritional concentrations in animals and humans are examined. The substances analyzed belong to several chemical families, i.e., the flavanones, the coumestans, the resorcylic acid lactones, the isoflavones, and the enterolignans. Following their definition and the evocation of their role in plants, their metabolic transformations and bioavailabilities are discussed. A point is then made regarding their health effects, which can either be beneficial or adverse depending on the subject studied, the sex, the age, and the physiological status. Toxicological information is given based on official data. The effects are first presented in humans. Animal models are evoked when no data are available in humans. The effects are presented with a constant reference to doses and plausible exposure.

/pdf/phytoestrogens-and-health-effects-2q3vs5qe.pdf

Phytoestrogens and Health Effects

De-novo transcriptome analysis of the banana shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) and identification of genes associated with reproduction and development.

Opsins are photoreceptors with important roles in reproductive regulation in birds and fishes. In the present study, we identified an opsin gene from the eyes of the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense using expressed sequence tag analysis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length transcript contained 1382 base pairs, encoding 375 amino acids. It was classified into the long-wavelength opsin group by phylogenetic analysis, and designated Mn-LW. Mn-LW expression demonstrated significant seasonal variation in somatic tissues from both male and female prawns, with the highest expression in the eyes, and expression also shown in the ovary. The expression profiles of Mn-LW in eyes and ovary were positively related to ovarian development. In situ hybridization showed that Mn-LW was present in retinular cells in the eye and oocytes in the ovary. Injection of Mn-LW dsRNA in vivo effectively down-regulated Mn-LW expression levels compared with control levels. Mn-LW dsRNA injection also significantly reduced vitellogenin (Vg) expression, indicating a close relationship between Mn-LW and Vg in ovarian development. These results suggest that Mn-LW may play an important role in Vg synthesis and accumulation during ovarian maturation in M. nipponense.

Identification and characterization of opsin gene and its role in ovarian maturation in the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense.

Reproduction in crustaceans is a highly complex process that requires precise coordination of external and internal factors to be successful. The field of crustacean reproductive endocrinology has moved from the classical approach of endocrinological techniques such as extirpation and additive methods, to the modern era of advanced biochemical, immunological, molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology methods. During last two decades, extensive endeavor has been captivating on the crustacean endocrines regulating reproduction, to authenticate their roles in the regulation of reproduction as well as their biochemical and molecular mechanism of action. In the present chapter, we have tried to recapitulate recent developments in molecular advances taken place in the reproduction regulation of crustacea via hormones, opioids, neurotransmitters and other molecules. In addition to providing a review of the scientific literature, we have also included our perspectives.

Reproductive Endocrinology of Female Crustaceans: Perspective and Prospective

Biochanin-A (BCA) is an isoflavone chemically called as 4-methyl genistein. It is plant derived non-steroidal compound, possesses estrogen like biological Activity The present study focussed on the changes of Reproduction in female rats exposed to BCA during the perinatal period.Pregnant rats were intra peritoneally exposed to 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg/kg body weight (wt.) on gestation days 12th, 14th, 16th and 18th. Rats were allowed to deliver pups and the BCA exposure was continued lactationally till weaning. Female pups were separated and fed with normal pellet for 80 days and then estrus cycle length was measured. SignificanAE increase in the duration of the estrus cycle was measured in rats exposed to BCA during the perinatal period. To assess the Reproductive performance of BCA exposed female progeny, mated with 90days old normal males. Observed increase in the Conception time and decrease in the number of implantations and also increase in pre and post implantations loss. To confirm the BC-A induced Reproductive Abnormalties in females computatinally docking studies was performed with aromatase and β estrogen receptor (β-ER) and in comparison with its substrates androstenedione and estradiol respectively along with BC-A and found strong competitive inhibition by BC-A with the substrates of aromatase and β-ER. It is very clear from the result that pre and post natal exposure of BCA suppresses the female reproduction in rats..

/pdf/in-utero-exposure-of-biochanin-a-alters-female-reproduction-1gwna7h9n1.pdf

In Utero Exposure of Biochanin-A Alters Female Reproduction in Rat.

This communication is aimed to document the traditional medicinal uses of Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce and to propose conservation strategies for rare species occurring Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh. A rare plant species Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce has been locally used to treat by the indigenous people since time immemorial and needs immediate attention for conservation. Some of these are believed to promote positive health and maintain organic resistance against infection by re-establishing body equilibrium and conditioning the body tissues. The folk use of plants in medicinal value is an important part of the health care system. Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce has been recorded as a medicinal plant in Indian traditional system, while present investigations helpful for folklore medicinal importance, Animal health care, phytochemical screening and pharmacological activities. The present paper aims to explore the ethnomedicinal importance. Ethnomedicinal uses of Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce practiced by villagers of Nalgonda district and compared with the medicinal uses of valid publication.

/pdf/a-potent-folklore-medicinal-plant-cadaba-fruticosa-l-druce-4nuvwuchjm.pdf

A Potent Folklore Medicinal Plant: Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce

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Reproductive Endocrinology of Female Crustaceans: Perspective and Prospective

In Utero Exposure of Biochanin-A Alters Female Reproduction in Rat.

A Potent Folklore Medicinal Plant: Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce