Introduction Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as a promising candidate for next-generation secondary batteries because of their high theoretical capacit y, safe operating voltage (2.15 V vs. Li/Li ), and low cost. Nevertheless, lithium-sulfur batteries suffer from capacity fading, which limits their widespread application, due to the insulating nature of sulfur and its reduced pro ducts and the dissolution of intermediate lithium polysul fides. To address these problems, carbon-based materials have been integrated with sulfur to enhance the conductivity and inhibit the polysulfide dissolutio n. Recently, graphene, a single-atom-thick carbon mate rial with superior electrical conductivity and mechanica l flexibility, has been successfully applied in lithi um-sulfur batteries. While graphene-sulfur composite cathodes  demonstrate promising electrochemical performance, their synthesis is usually complicated and challeng ing for large-scale application. On the other hand, the sol utionbased synthesis without heat treatment produces lar ge crystalline sulfur particles, resulting in low util ization of active materials and poor rate performance. Herein, we report hydroxylated graphene nanosheets as a substr ate to produce graphene-amorphous sulfur nanocomposites, exhibiting superior cyclability at high rates, by a facile in situ deposition method at room temperature.

Hydroxylated Graphene-Sulfur Nanocomposites for High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Nanostructured magnesium nickel oxide (Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O) was synthesized by a self-propagating high temperature synthesis method followed by heat treatment. The particles of the resulting oxide were used as additives to prepare the sulfur/polyacrylonitrile/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O (S/PAN/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O) composite via wet ballmilling. The SEM observation revealed that the composite morphology was drastically changed by the addition of Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O, from smooth bulky particles of S/PAN to rough nanostructured agglomerates with two times the increase in the specific surface area, favouring the reactivity of the composite, and a homogeneous component distribution. Cyclic voltammetry, discharge–charge tests and ac impedance spectroscopy have shown improved conductivity and electrochemical properties of the composite by the addition of Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O, leading to high sulfur utilization and interfacial stabilization in a Li/S cell upon discharge–charge cycling. The cell demonstrated enhanced reversibility, resulting in a discharge capacity of about 1223 mA h g⁻¹ at the second cycle and retained about 100% of this value over 100 cycles. Furthermore, the S/PAN/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O composite cathode exhibited a good rate capability with discharge capacities of 887, 710 and 445 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.5, 0.7 and 1 C, respectively.

Ternary sulfur/polyacrylonitrile/Mg₀.₆Ni₀.₄O composite cathodes for high performance lithium/sulfur batteries

Recent Advances on Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Biochar is a solid material obtained from the pyrolytic carbonization of biomass in an oxygen-free/limited environment. Sulfur-containing biochar has a wide range of applications, such as adsorptive removal of pollutants (e.g., Hg, Cd, and Ni) and acting as a solid acid catalyst or as an electrode of Li-S battery. To date, many methods have been developed to strengthen the function of biochar by introducing sulfur-containing groups to promote the application and commercialization of biochar. This review aims to present the formation, analysis, engineering, and application of sulfur-functional groups in biochar. The sulfur-functional groups such as organic sulfur (e.g., C–S, –C–S–C–, CS, thiophene, and sulfone) and inorganic sulfur (e.g., sulfate, sulfide, sulfite, and elemental S) can be determined through Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The sulfur-functional groups can be obtained through selecting biomass composition, pyrolysis process, S-doping, and post-treatment of biochar, but the engineering is challenging. The positive effect of sulfur-functional groups in the application is also analyzed in this paper, such as the complexation and electron transfer between sulfur-functional groups and heavy metal (e.g., Hg, Cd, and Ni) on improving biochar adsorption capacity. However, there are still challenges in directional synthesis, precise determination, and regulation of application performance. Based on the research gaps identified, future prospective investigation directions on analysis, engineering, and application of biochar S-functional groups were presented in this review. 

An overview of sulfur-functional groups in biochar from pyrolysis of biomass

The necessity for advancement in the field of energy storage devices is inevitable due to the forthcoming exhaustion in the availability of primitive hydrocarbon deposits. Benign and ecological renewable sources can opt as the perfect substitution for fossil fuels as a remedy for sustainability, which can be stored to meet the overflowing energy demand. Even a single spark in the development of energy storage devices can be viewed as an explosion in the execution of future energy concerns. This review is a token of recent progress in the arena of two-dimensional material-based supercapacitors for energy storage applications, manuscript starts with the need for energy storage devices in the anticipation of upcoming energy catastrophe. A brief introduction to the capacitors along with their classification under various parameters and their peaks and valleys in storing energy are included in the review. The chief attention of the appraisal stands on the capacitors employing the pseudo mechanism but those based on electrochemical double layer and faradaic mechanism are also included along with performance evaluation. The role of various 2D materials including graphene, molybdenum-based TMDs, tungsten-based TMDs, MXene, two-dimensional metal-oxides and phosphides in enhancing the charge storage performance are scrutinized in the review. 

Recent advancements and developments employing 2D-materials in enhancing the performance of electrochemical supercapacitors: A review

Effect of silicon dioxide in sulfur/carbon black composite as a cathode material for lithium sulfur batteries

Sulfur cloaked with different carbonaceous materials for high performance lithium sulfur batteries

A Facile One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zn, Mn Co-Doped NiCo2O4 as an Efficient Electrode for Supercapacitor Applications

Tweaking the electrochemical activity of maricite NaMnPO4 in sodium batteries using different manganese precursors via polyol method

For its improved electrochemical features, such as a longer life cycle, higher specific capacitance, and higher specific power, the supercapacitor has acquired increased attention. Between the battery and the conventional capacitor, the supercapacitor fills the energy and power gaps. The supercapacitor has been suggested as an energy storage device for higher-power uses in the future. MnOOH nanorods and Mn 2 V 2 O 7 nanopebbles were synthesised through a hydrothermal method, and those materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal graviometric analysis (TGA), Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The XRD results revealed the creation of a monoclinic phase of synthesised MnOOH nanorods and Mn 2 V 2 O 7 nanopebbles. The supercapacitance behaviour of crystalline MnOOH nanorods and Mn 2 V 2 O 7 nanopebbles was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. The Mn 2 V 2 O 7 nanopebbles achieved a high specific capacitance value of 1310 F/g at 0.25 A/g. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor of Mn 2 V 2 O 7 @NF//AC@NF has a good capacitance retention value of 98 % and matches a coulombic efficiency of 95.5 % over 5000 cycles. In an alkaline medium, the energy density and power density of Mn 2 V 2 O 7 @NF//AC@NF are 53.9 Wh k/g and 1564 W k/g, respectively. • Mn 2 V 2 O 7 nanopebbles were developed by a hydrothermal method. • Physical-chemical and electrochemical properties were studied. • High specific capacitance, power density, and energy density values of 1310 F/g, 2948 W k/g, and 36.8 Wh K/g, respectively, were achieved. • Mn 2 V 2 O 7 nanopebbles have been found to remain stable until 5000 cycles. 

Synthesis of Mn2V2O7 nanopebbles via hydrothermal method and its high-efficiency energy storage for supercapacitors

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