Anthers of Lotus corniculatus (a wild strain, cv. Empire and Viking) and L. caucasicus were cultured on agar-solidified media in an attempt to induce haploid plants. Calluses were readily obtained from the anthers, and chromosome number determinations on the callus tissues showed cells of different euploid and aneuploid chromosome numbers but no haploid cells. From these calluses, tetraploid and octoploid plants were regenerated. Except for some pollen grains which hypertrophied, the germ cells produced mature pollen but did not progress beyond this stage to initiate calluses. These results indicate that the calluses were derived from somatic tissues of the anthers rather than from the germ cells. Only a few cell divisions of the pollen grains occurred when they were cultured directly on agar-solidified medium. The induction of haploid plants by means of anther culture was successful for Nicotiana tabacum (cv. Wisconsin 38, Delhi 34, Hicks Broadleaf) but not for N. affinis. The autoradiographic study show...

Callus, plantlet formation, and polyploidy from cultured anthers of Lotus and Nicotiana

The phototoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene in the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum

Soil microbes promote plant growth through several mechanisms such as secretion of chemical compounds including plant growth hormones. Among the phytohormones, auxins, ethylene, cytokinins, abscisic acid and gibberellins are the best understood compounds. Gibberellins were first isolated in 1935 from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and are synthesized by several soil microbes. The effect of gibberellins on plant growth and development has been studied, as has the biosynthesis pathways, enzymes, genes and their regulation. This review revisits the history of gibberellin research highlighting microbial gibberellins and their effects on plant health with an emphasis on the early discoveries and current advances that can find vital applications in agricultural practices. 

Biosynthesis and beneficial effects of microbial gibberellins on crops for sustainable agriculture

Chapter 7 – haploids in plant improvement

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the potentials, limited successes, and limitations of tissue culture systems in screening for and against plant growth regulators. For a cell culture screening system to be useful, it must answer well-defined physiological questions that can be easily measured in the cultures, and it must parallel the physiological effect in the whole plant. Such screens should be for cell division- or morphogenesis-inducing factors, for specific types of biochemical production, or for source or sink activity enhancement. Plant cell cultures, when wisely used, can be powerful tools to screen for plant hormone activities, especially for cytokinins; screen for activities of some types of yield enhancers or of compounds that may alter assimilate partitioning; and screen for activity of natural and synthetic phytotoxic and phytostatic compounds such as herbicides, allelochemicals, and toxins from microorganisms. They can also be used to screen compounds for their ability to elicit resistance to herbicides and to microorganisms.

Plant Tissue Culture Systems for Screening of Plant Growth Regulators: Hormones, Herbicides, and Natural Phytotoxins

Benz(a)anthracene induced vegetative buds on callus derived from stem tissue of haploid plants of Nicotiana tabacum a response similar to that obtained by a combination of kinetin and IAA.

In-vitro induction of vegetative buds by benz(a)anthracene in tobacco callus.

Es wird gezeigt, dass wasserlosliche Extrakte aus Tabakrauchkondensaten vegetative Keimlinge auf Kallusstucken aus Stammen von haploiden Tabakpflanzen (Nicotiana tabacum) induzieren und dass der gleiche Effekt mit Kinetin und 3-Indolessigsaure erzielt werden kann.

In vitro induction of vegetative buds by tobacco smoke condensate.

Calli obtained from haploid and diploid plants of Nicotiana tabacum were inoculated on nutrient media supplemented with various concentrations of chelating agents: iron salt of ethylenediamine-di-o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Fe-EDDHA), 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (DHPTA), 1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CYDA), citric acid, and tartaric acid. No auxin or cytokinin was added to the medium. Vegetative buds differentiated on the callus obtained from the haploid plants. However, these chelating agents proved ineffective in inducing differentiation on the callus derived from diploid plants. Morphogenetically, Fe-EDDHA and DHPTA proved more potent than CYDA, citric acid, and tartaric acid.

In vitro induction of vegetative buds in tobacco callus by chelating agents

Gibberellin-like substances were present in cell-free culture medium of autotrophically grown Thiobacillus novellus. Dwarf-pea and cucumber-hypocotyl bioassays indicate presence of two gibberellin-like compounds.

Production of Gibberellin-like substances by an autotrophically grown Thiobacillus.

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In-vitro induction of vegetative buds by benz(a)anthracene in tobacco callus.

In vitro induction of vegetative buds by tobacco smoke condensate.

In vitro induction of vegetative buds in tobacco callus by chelating agents

Production of Gibberellin-like substances by an autotrophically grown Thiobacillus.