Prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Addis Ababa and its environs, Ethiopia.

Cryptosporidiosis is a common protozoan disease observed in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including ruminants Cattle can be a potential reservoir of Cryptosporidium spp, leading to environmental contamination with oocysts of zoonotic species The molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp isolated from cattle from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, was accomplished using nested polymerase chain reaction for amplification of fragments of the 18S rRNA gene and the glycoprotein GP60 gene, following sequencing of amplified fragments Positivity for Cryptosporidium was found in 107% (21/196) of the samples Four species of Cryptosporidium were identified: C andersoni, C bovis, C parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1, and C ryanae To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of infection by C ryanae and C parvum IIaA15G2R1 in cattle from Brazil

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves from the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Central Chile has been identified as a unique ecosystem with high conservation priority because of its high levels of endemism and intensive anthropic pressure. Over a period of almost four decades, the monk parakeet has been successful in establishing and dispersing in urban Santiago, although little is known about its potential impact. Furthermore, nothing is known about its epidemiological risks towards animals or even humans. For this reason, we conducted the first parasitic survey of monk parakeets in Chile through capture, necropsy and thorough external and internal inspection of 92 adult individuals. Among these, 45.7% presented lice that were identified as Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1.1% had mesostigmatid acari and 8.9% had free-ranging acari. Among 89 parakeets, 19.1% had structures identified as Cryptosporidium sp. This study provides the first description of Cryptosporidium sp. in monk parakeets. Along with the presence of a mesostigmatid acarus in one parakeet, this serves as a public health warning, given that both of these parasites have zoonotic potential.

/pdf/parasitic-survey-on-introduced-monk-parakeets-myiopsitta-9uuiry0yeh.pdf

Parasitic survey on introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Santiago, Chile.

The American mink, Neovison vison, is an invasive species in Chile. Its impact on native fauna and public health has not been studied in depth in the country. In this study, we searched for gastrointestinal parasites, including helminths and zoonotic Cryptosporidium sp., the presence of Trichinella sp. in muscle, and the renal carriage of pathogenic Leptospira sp. in minks caught on Navarino Island, "Magallanes y la Antartica Chilena" Region, and Maullin and Ancud, "Los Lagos" Region, Chile. A total of 58, 15, and 21 minks from Navarino Island, Maullin, and Ancud, respectively, were examined for Trichinella sp. (artificial digestion of muscle). A total of 36, 11, and 17 minks from Navarino Island, Maullin, and Ancud, respectively, were examined for pathogenic Leptospira species (molecular detection of LipL32 gen fragment in renal tissue) infection. Finally, 45, 11, and 17 minks from Navarino Island, Maullin, and Ancud, respectively, were analyzed to detect gastrointestinal parasites (by optical inspection of the digestive tract for helminths, and by both Ziehl-Neelsen stain and molecular detection of small subunit-ribosomal DNA for Cryptosporidium species). Trichinella larvae were not observed. Pathogenic Leptospira sp. was detected in 22 samples: 15 from Navarino Island, 3 from Maullin, and 4 from Ancud. Two nematodes, belonging to Ascaridinae (subfamily) and Pterygodermatites (Paucipectines) sp., were found in samples of two minks from Navarino Island. Oocysts and DNA of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in three fecal samples from Navarino Island. Further studies could determine the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium sp., as well as the potential impact of the zoonotic Leptospira sp. on the human population of the Navarino Island, Maullin, and Ancud districts. The enemy release theory could explain the low helminth species richness in the minks. In addition, we did not find evidence of parasite transmission from native fauna.

Zoonotic Pathogens in the American Mink in Its Southernmost Distribution

Received: Revised: Accepted: August 29, 2012 November 17, 2012 May 18, 2013 In this study, fecal specimens taken from 192 diarrheic and 14 healthy calves (2-40 days old) were examined for the presence of bacterial and parasitic agents. Fecal samples from diarrheic calves with the four immunochromatographic rapid tests were 92.7% positive for four enteropathogens. The individual prevalence was 25, 21.8, 9.4 and 2.1% for Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, E. coli K99 and Coronavirus, respectively. Concomitant infections caused by two agents were 15.6% for Rotavirus+Cryptosporidium, 1.0% for Rotavirus+Coronavirus, 5.2 % for Cryptosporidium+E. coli K99, and 7.3% for Rotavirus+E. coli K99. Besides concomitant infections caused by three agents were 3.1% for Cryptosporidium +Rotavirus+E.coli K99 and 1.0%, Cryptosporidium+Rotavirus+Coronavirus. In addition one calf (1.0%) was infected by combination of four agents as Cryptosporidium, Rotavirus, Coronavirus, and E. coli K99. The calculated individual prevalence was 56.9% for Rotavirus, 47.8% for C. parvum, 26.0% for E. coli K99 and 5.2% for Coronavirus. However, 88 samples were positive in smear detection for Cryptosporidium while 92 were positive in rapid test. As a result of this study it can be concluded that multiple etiologies of diarrhea can be seen and this can help in the development of a specific treatment and preventative measures for practitioners in east and southeast of Turkey. ©2013 PVJ. All rights reserved

Prevalence of four enteropathogens with immunochromatographic rapid test in the feces of diarrheic calves in east and southeast of Turkey.

Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic calves detected by microscopy and identified by immunochromatographic and molecular methods

SUMMARY From an animal production point of view, Cryptosporidium can cause great economic losses in systems that involve the raising of cattle by producing various degrees of diarrhea, particularly in calves that are less than 30 days of age. The main objective of this study was the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in faecal samples of diarrheic calves of less than one month of age from two milk farms in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. For the first time in the country, an immunochromatographic and a molecular assay were used to confirm the microscopical observation of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the bovine samples studied. A total of 205 fecal samples were stained with acid-fast method (Ziehl Neelsen, ZN) and 102 (49.8%) were found to have parasite oocysts. From these ZN positive samples, 58 were randomly selected and were all confirmed positive by the immunochromatographic test (IC). Conversely, 10 ZN negative samples were all negative by using IC test. A genus-specific molecular assay (18S ribosomal RNA PCR) was designed and carried out in the study of the 58 ZN/IC positive and the 10 ZN/IC negative faecal samples for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. 37 (64%) samples were confirmed positive by this genus-specific PCR assay while all the 10 ZN/IC negative samples yielded no amplification. Detection limit of the genus-specific PCR was compared with the ZN staining method. Fewer parasites were detected by PCR (104 oocysts/mL) when compared to ZN (2 x 104 oocysts/mL). The results showed that cryptosporidiosis continues to be a parasitic infection of high frequency in dairy farm cattle in the Metropolitan Region. The ZN stain method is extremely operator dependent, but this disadvantage can be reduced by combining ZN with the IC test. Further studies are needed to improve the yield of the genus-specific PCR method as a diagnostic tool for bovine Cryptosporidium. Molecular tests also contribute to define the veterinary epidemiology of this parasitic infection in a specific geographical area.

/pdf/deteccion-de-cryptosporidium-spp-en-terneras-de-lecherias-de-2g6k02nsni.pdf

Detección de Cryptosporidium spp. en terneras de lecherías de la Región Metropolitana mediante Ziehl Neelsen y confirmada por inmunocromatografía y ensayo molecular.

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Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic calves detected by microscopy and identified by immunochromatographic and molecular methods

Detección de Cryptosporidium spp. en terneras de lecherías de la Región Metropolitana mediante Ziehl Neelsen y confirmada por inmunocromatografía y ensayo molecular.