Clay swelling — A challenge in the oilfield

Expansive soils are problematic due to the performances of their clay mineral constituent, which makes them exhibit the shrink-swell characteristics. The shrink-swell behaviours make expansive soils inappropriate for direct engineering application in their natural form. In an attempt to make them more feasible for construction purposes, numerous materials and techniques have been used to stabilise the soil. In this study, the additives and techniques applied for stabilising expansive soils will be focused on, with respect to their efficiency in improving the engineering properties of the soils. Then we discussed the microstructural interaction, chemical process, economic implication, nanotechnology application, as well as waste reuse and sustainability. Some issues regarding the effective application of the emerging trends in expansive soil stabilisation were presented with three categories, namely geoenvironmental, standardisation and optimisation issues. Techniques like predictive modelling and exploring methods such as reliability-based design optimisation, response surface methodology, dimensional analysis, and artificial intelligence technology were also proposed in order to ensure that expansive soil stabilisation is efficient.

Emerging trends in expansive soil stabilisation: A review

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00542980/document

Cellulose ethers influence on water retention and consistency in cement-based mortars

Montmorillonite is a multifunctional clay mineral and a major component of bentonite. Montmorillonite has been used in various industrial and pharmaceutical fields due to its unique characteristics, which include swelling and adsorption. The high adsorption capacity of montmorillonite contributes to increase drug entrapment and sustained-release of drugs. Montmorillonite generally sustains drug release in many formulations by strongly adsorbing to the drug. In addition, montmorillonite enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Moreover, montmorillonite was applied to form composites with other polymer-based delivery systems. Thus, montmorillonite could be applied to formulate diverse drug delivery systems to control and/or improve the pharmaceutical properties of drugs, including solubility, dissolution rate, and absorption. In this review, perspectives of applying montmorillonite as a pharmaceutical excipient in drug delivery systems are discussed.

/pdf/application-of-montmorillonite-in-bentonite-as-a-336gnxhx2g.pdf

Application of montmorillonite in bentonite as a pharmaceutical excipient in drug delivery systems

Rheology of sodium and calcium bentonite-water dispersions: Effect of electrolytes and aging time

The rheological characteristics of purified bentonite suspensions as a function of exchangeable cation \(({\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}^{2 + }},{\rm{NH}}_4^ + ,\;{\rm{L}}{{\rm{i}}^ + })\) are studied at three different clay concentrations (40 gL−1, 60 gL−1, 80 gL−1). A Herschel-Bulkley model is used to determine rheological parameters such as yield value, consistency and fluidification index. The flow curves are typical for shear thinning fluids but differ on two points; presence of yield stress and/or thixotropy. The Li suspensions are not yield stress fluid, and the thixotropy is weakly expressed only for the 80 gL−1 suspension. On the contrary, Ca-clay suspension flow curves always present yield stress and a large thixotropic area. The NH4-clay suspensions exhibit an intermediate behavior as there is no thixotropy, but a yield stress appears for the most concentrated suspension. These differences in macroscopic mechanical properties are discussed with reference to the suggested microscopic clay organization in suspension.

Effects of the nature of the exchangeable cation and clay concentration on the rheological properties of smectite suspensions

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are used in landfill liner applications and there is a need for a better control of the features of the bentonite in the GCL received on site, particularly in the European context where a wide variety of bentonites can be encountered. This paper presents the results of a project aiming at a rapid identification of the nature of the bentonite in a given GCL. The interaction between the bentonite and the fluid is increased by producing dispersions then testing its structuration in less than a few hours with filter press tests and flow curves. The results of those tests are intersected with swell index tests, electrical conductivity values and oedopermeametric tests.

/pdf/swell-index-oedopermeametric-filter-press-and-rheometric-r24difj48l.pdf

Swell index, oedopermeametric, filter press and rheometric tests for identifying the qualification of bentonites used in GCLs

Liquid–solid transition of kaolinite suspensions

Evaluation of the organization of the homoionic smectite layers (Na+ or Ca2+) in diluted dispersions using granulometry, microscopy and rheometry

Un ensemble d'essais rheometriques a ete conduit sur des pâtes de ciment a differentes concentrations volumiques solides et sur des micro-betons, obtenus par ajout de sable fin (D m a x = 600 μm) dans ces pâtes. L'ajout de fines minerales et d'un plastifiant, haut reducteur d'eau, a permis de tester des suspensions de concentrations volumiques solides superieures a 48%. Ces suspensions presentent des consistances qui s'etendent de celle d'un "liquide" a celle d'une "creme". Les essais rheometriques sont realises en vitesses et en contraintes imposees. Les resultats obtenus montrent une rupture de pente des rheogrammes a partir d'un gradient de cisaillement critique γ c . Ce parametre est correle avec la concentration volumique solide et est associe a des mecanismes de structuration/destructuration de ces suspensions a matrice cimentaire. Deux modeles d'ecoulement rheologique sont utilises pour decrire les reponses experimentales. Les parametres associes a ces modeles sont identifies et interpretes en fonction de la composition des melanges. Par ailleurs, les allures des rheogrammes sont analysees en fonction de la concentration volumique solide, de la taille des particules et du dosage et de la granulometrie du sable dans le cas des micro-betons.

Rhéométrie des géosuspensions : de la pâte de ciment au micro-béton

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