OBJECTIVES: Repeated neuropsychological assessments are often used to monitor change in cognitive functioning over time. Thus, knowledge about the reliability and stability of neuropsychological tests and the effects of age and IQ is of paramount importance. In this study we document, for six cognitive tests: test-retest reliabilities, practice effects, reliable change (RC) indices corrected for practice, and the impact of premorbid IQ and age. DESIGN: A sample of 188 normal adults (aged 40-70 years) were administered, on two occasions, one or more of the following tests: the Graded Naming Test (GNT), the Silhouettes Test, two tests of verbal fluency, the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and a new test of speed and attention (the Symbol Digit Test). There was a 1-month interval between assessments. At first assessment, all participants were administered the revised National Adult Reading Test (NART). RESULTS: The test-retest reliability of the tests ranged from very good (the GNT and Silhouettes Test) to moderate (verbal fluency tests and Symbol Digit Test) and to poor (Modified Card Sorting Test). Significant, although modest, practice effects were found on all tests. RC indices were generally large except for the Graded Naming Test and the Silhouettes Test. Premorbid IQ scores significantly correlated with performance on all the tests, the exception being semantic fluency. Age only correlated with the Silhouettes Test and the new Symbol Digit Test. Neither NART IQ nor age correlated with practice effects. CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties of the GNT and Silhouettes Test indicated that they are useful tools for monitoring even small cognitive changes. In contrast, the verbal fluency tests and the new Symbol Digit Test are only suitable for monitoring large changes in performance. The Modified Card Sorting Test is an unreliable tool for monitoring 'executive' functions.

Monitoring cognitive changes: Psychometric properties of six cognitive tests

Performance on tests of frontal lobe function reflect general intellectual ability.

https://www.ualberta.ca/~efujiwar/Fujiwara%20et%20al_Cortex.pdf

Functional retrograde amnesia: a multiple case study.

According to Nelson's (1976) criteria, the MCST (MWCST) is a simplification of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). As the MCST is particularly suitable for children, the aim of this study was to establish the normative data presently lacking for that group. The MCST was administered to 1126 normal children aged 4 to 13 years. Scoring was based on all the classical parameters, according to existing criteria, plus two new ones that we propose (“categorizing efficiency” and “categorizing efficiency plus”). Strong correlation (or inverse correlation) with age is found for most parameters, including all criteria used for perseverative responses. This does not occur for “failure to maintain set,” calculated according to the usual criteria. “Categorizing efficiency” and “categorizing efficiency plus” avoid the ceiling effect occurring at higher ages in the parameter categories. The MCST may be used in children 4 years of age and above. Most, but not all, of its parameters show regular improvement with age, d...

Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MCST, MWCST): normative data in children 4-13 years old, according to classical and new types of scoring.

Objective To generate normative data on the Modified Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. Method The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the M-WCST as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. Results The final multiple linear regression models explained between 2-33% of the variance in M-WCST scores. Although t-tests showed significant differences between men and women from seven different countries on the M-WCST, the effect sizes were small. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. Conclusions This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in in Latin America aiming to create norms for the M-WCST; this study will have important implications for the future of neuropsychology in the region.

/pdf/modified-wisconsin-card-sorting-test-m-wcst-normative-data-4w7yth77k4.pdf

Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST): Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population

Objectives. The aim of this study was to obtain normative data for the Modi®ed Card Sorting Test (MCST), and to examine the relationship between performance on this task, general intellectual ability and demographic variables. Design. A sample of 146 healthy individuals was tested with a demographic distribution (age, sex, socioeconomic class) similar to that of the British population. Methods. The MCST and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales ± Revised were administered to 146 people aged between 16 and 75 years. Results. Most people (56.6%) completed six categories, and many people made perseverative errors. Approximately 8% of the participants made over 50% perseverative errors.Performance on the MCST varied with age, years of education and general intellectual ability. Individuals with a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) below 100 showed much more variability in performance than individuals with an FSIQ over 100. Detailed percentile norms for the performance on diaerent indices of the test are presented. Conclusions. The performance of individuals on the MCST is more closely associated with general intellectual ability than with demographic variables.

Performance on the Modified Card Sorting Test by normal, healthy individuals: relationship to general intellectual ability and demographic variables.

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Performance on the Modified Card Sorting Test by normal, healthy individuals: relationship to general intellectual ability and demographic variables.