Part I of this article, which appeared in the previous issue of the Journal, covered general considerations, the physiology of the rectum, spreading of drugs into the colon, rectal absorption, partial avoidance of first-pass elimination, rate-controlled rectal delivery of drugs, irritation of the rectal mucosa and clinical applications of rectal administration, and discussed centrally acting drugs. In Part II, this discussion is extended to drugs which act peripherally and to methods of enhancing rectal drug absorption. The overall summary appeared in Part I.

Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug administration, Part II. Clinical applications of peripherally acting drugs, and conclusions.

Nifedipine is a short-acting calcium antagonist formulated into several different oral preparations, each of which offers a distinct drug release profile. Of these, the nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) affords (rate)-controlled-release (CR) and once-daily administration. Although it is recognised that CR drug formulations may enhance the treatment compliance of patients by reducing the number of daily doses, there are several pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological considerations which may influence the ultimate selection of a particular dosage form.

/pdf/the-nifedipine-gastrointestinal-therapeutic-system-gits-3rr9zeo33k.pdf

The nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS). Evaluation of pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties.

Osteoarthritis is a common cause of chronic pain in small animals. Although there is currently no known cure, the disease can often be palliated by a combination of weight control, regulated exercise, anti-inflammatory medications, and disease-modifying osteoarthritic agents. The diagnosis, recommended treatments, and many of the newer drugs and disease-modifying agents are discussed in this article.

Management of chronic osteoarthritic pain.

https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(92)90294-L/pdf

Novel drug-delivery systems for hypertension.

Current status of calcium channel blockers

Nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system in stable angina pectoris. Results of a multicenter open-label crossover comparison with standard nifedipine.

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Nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system in stable angina pectoris. Results of a multicenter open-label crossover comparison with standard nifedipine.