Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the pungent principle of red pepper species (Capsicum species), known as a major component of the hot red pepper spice The pungent principle represents a group of compounds called capsaicin and its analogs, or capsaicinoids It has long been known that the fruit of Capsicum species forms, accumulates, and secretes severely pungent materials in its fruits The fruits have also been used as a medicinal drug Studies on the pungent principle of Capsicum species began as early as the 1810s, however, until the 1950s, no attention was paid to pharmacological or biochemical aspects Although the pungent principle of Capsicum species had been called “protoalkaloid” or “alkaloid”, it never was regarded as a member of the alkaloids in general The Structure, nomenclature, chemistry, and occurrence of capsaicin and its analogs in nature are described and recent advances in the analysis of capsaicinoids are reviewed The accumulation and secretion in the Capsicum plant is discussed along with the nutritional and pharmacological effects of capsaicin and its analogs as well as their metabolism in mammalian tissues

Chapter 4 Constituents of Red Pepper Species: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and food Science of the Pungent Principle of Capsicum Species

The systemic anti-oomycete compound, Fosetyl-Al, protected capsicum fruit segments from decay caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. The appearance of the phytoalexin, capsidiol, was advanced by 18–24 h, and accumulated to higher levels in infection droplets on Fosetyl-Al-treated fruit segments. As well, an intensified necrotic response was seen in the epithelial tissue of treated segments. Pretreatment of genetically susceptible tobacco plants with Fosetyl-Al protected them from the black shank disease, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae. Microscopic examination of zoospore-infected tobacco seedling leaves revealed a hypersensitive-like response in Fosetyl-Al-treated susceptible seedlings similar to that observed in genetically resistant seedlings. In stems of treated and untreated resistant and susceptible tobacco plants inoculated with mycelium of P. nicotianae var. nicotianae, fungal growth proceeded at similar rates for the first 24 h. In resistant and Fosetyl-Al-treated susceptible plants there was no subsequent growth, whereas in untreated, susceptible plants mycelium progressed down the stem at a constant rate. The cessation of growth in resistant and treated, susceptible plants coincided with the maintenance of high levels of the phytoalexin, capsidiol, and the appearance of intense necrosis near the inoculation site. Except in the very early stages of infection, Fosetyl-Al treatment induced significantly greater levels of capsidiol accumulation in susceptible plants. Even higher capsidiol concentrations were recorded in untreated, genetically resistant plants in the first 48 h. Fosetyl-Al treatment of genetically resistant plants induced high capsidiol concentrations in the first 48 h, but a rapid decline followed. Despite this, fungal growth failed to resume. The data is consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced hypersensitivity and phytoalexin accumulation play a role in the mode of action of Fosetyl-Al. Further studies are needed to determine whether this is a primary role or a supplementary role to some, as yet undiscovered, activity of this compound.

Modification of defense responses in tobacco and capsicum following treatment with Fosetyl-Al [Aluminium tris (o-ethyl phosphonate)]

Induction of defense response against Colletotrichum capsici in chili fruit by the yeast Pichia guilliermondii strain R13

Inoculation of the stems of three Capsicum annuum L. cultivars showing different degrees of sensitivity to the fungal pathogen Phytophthora capsici, resulted in a hypersensitive reaction being expressed along the stems. One of the peppers (cv. Smith-5) showed resistance by total inhibition of fungal growth. Capsidiol, a phytoalexin, which accumulates in the area of necrosis appears to be involved in this resistance. Capsidiol accumulation was analyzed by gas chromatography and was correlated with the restricted growth of P capsici, in vivo and in vitro, confirming the former's fungistatic and fungitoxic properties. The capacity to inhibit pathogenic growth was evident only when capsidiol production exceeded 1 204 μg ml -1 , a level reached in the resistant variety after 6 days of incubation. Experiments on induced resistance showed that a second inoculation of the stems of the three cultivars also resulted in necrosis and in an accumulation of capsidiol, although to a lesser extent than in the first inoculation. The greater accumulation of capsidiol in the stems of cv. Smith-5 is in accordance with the resistance shown by this cultivar to P. capsici, and confirms the implication of capsidiol in the disease resistance of this cultivar to fungal pathogens. Capsidiol has a fungistatic character at a mean concentration of 3.75 mM, and is fungitoxic at levels above 5 mM. This level must be exceeded and all the growing hyphae must be affected for capsidiol to qualify from being fungistatic to being fungitoxic.

Capsidiol : Its role in the resistance of Capsicum annuum to Phytophthora capsici

Etude de deux nouvelles sources de résistance à Phytophthora capsici Leon. chez le piment: confirmation de l'existence de trois composantes distinctes dans la résistance

Phytophthora capsici invaded the decapitated stem of susceptible cultivars of Capsicum annuum Yolo Wonder and Clairon at an approximately constant rate over 9 days following inoculation, while it became progressively inhibited in the respective isogenic resistant cultivars Phyo 636 and Fidelio. Capsidiol concentration at the advancing edge of the mycelium, although somewhat higher in the resistant cultivars, never exceeded the ED 80 for in vitro activity; its kinetics were similar in the 4 cultivars, with a maximum around the 4th day and a marked decrease afterwards. In the resistant cultivars only, infection progressively induced a persisting state of resistance inside the tissues, demonstrated by a subsequent inoculation. Upon infection, induced tissues accumulated rather less capsidiol than non preinoculated ones. Degree of fungal growth inhibition and level of induced resistance were closely correlated, but bore no overall relation with capsidiol concentration at the front of the mycelium. These results suggest that, although active on the fungus inside the host tissues, capsidiol is not the main factor responsible for cessation of fungal growth in the resistant plants. Another, as yet unknown defence mechanism, rendering the tissues inhibitory towards further invasion must be implicated in the cultivar-specific resistance of pepper.

Relations between capsidiol concentration, speed of fungal invasion and level of induced resistance in cultivars of pepper (Capsicum annuum) susceptible or resistant to Phytophthora capsici

Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in pepper. VII. Protection of foliar organs after being cultured on a filtrate of the parasite. Characterizing the conditions for the expression of the phenomenon.

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Relations between capsidiol concentration, speed of fungal invasion and level of induced resistance in cultivars of pepper (Capsicum annuum) susceptible or resistant to Phytophthora capsici

Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in pepper. VII. Protection of foliar organs after being cultured on a filtrate of the parasite. Characterizing the conditions for the expression of the phenomenon.