Adsorbents based on montmorillonite for contaminant removal from water: A review

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This paper discusses the mechanism of montmorillonite structural alteration and modification of bentonites’ properties (based on samples from clay deposits Taganskoye, Kazakhstan and Mukhortala, Buriatia) under thermochemical treatment (treatment with inorganic acid solutions at different temperatures, concentrations and reaction times). Treatment conditions were chosen according to those accepted in chemical industry for obtaining acid modified clays as catalysts or sorbents. Also, more intense treatment was carried out to simulate possible influence at the liquid radioactive site repositories. A series of methods was used: XRD, FTIR, ICP-AES, TEM, nitrogen adsorption, and particle size analysis. It allowed revealing certain processes: transformation of montmorillonite structure which appears in the leaching of interlayer and octahedral cations and protonation of the interlayer and –OH groups at octahedral sheets. In turn, changes in the structure of the 2:1 layer of montmorillonite and its interlayer result in significant alterations in the properties: reduction of cation exchange capacity and an increase of specific surface area. Acid treatment also leads to a redistribution of particle sizes and changes the pore system. The results of the work showed that bentonite clays retain a significant portion of their adsorption properties even after a prolonged and intense thermochemical treatment (1 M HNO3, 60 °C, 108 h).

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/7/4/49/pdf

Experimental Study of Montmorillonite Structure and Transformation of Its Properties under Treatment with Inorganic Acid Solutions

This paper summarizes recent results obtained on chemical modifications of smectites. These include replacement of exchangeable cations with protons, a process connected with smectite autotransformation - attack of protons on the layers and liberation of central atoms from the octahedral and tetrahedral sheets, causing modification of the acid sites on the particles. More severe modifications occur during dissolution in inorganic acids, when the layers are dissolved and three- dimensional amorphous silica is formed. The negative charge on the smectite layers can be increased via reduction of structural Fe(III) to Fe(II) or decreased via fixation of small exchangeable cations, such as Li + , upon treatment at elevated temperatures. Heating for 24 h at different temperatures between 100 and 300o C leads to a series of chemically similar materials of different charge, prepared from the same parent mineral. Such series are suitable for investigation of the effect of the layer charge on selected properties of smectites. Fe(II) can be partly stabilized in reduced smectites by Li fixation upon heating.

/pdf/chemically-modified-smectites-4f0po6stgu.pdf

Chemically modified smectites

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Chemically modified smectites