Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders

Milk contains a large number of bioactive peptides with various biological activities. These peptides either exist naturally in milk or derive from milk protein hydrolyses. The natural bioactive peptides found in milk include epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin, and insulin‐like growth factors I and II (IGF‐I and IGF‐II). The concentrations of these peptides are generally high in colostrum, and the concentrations are often higher than those found in blood circulation. Due to a limited protease activity in the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal animals and the existence of protease inhibitors in the milk, these milk‐borne bioactive peptides are likely to survive the gastrointestinal digestion in suckling animals. Oral administration of EGF, insulin, or IGF‐I can stimulate gastrointestinal maturation in newborn animals. It is speculated that colostrum‐borne bioactive peptides may play a role in regulating postnatal gut development in s...

Bioactive peptides in milk and their biological and health implications

Hormones in milk

Human milk contains many hormone and hormone-like peptides. The gastrointestinal tract of newborn infants exhibits lower proteolytic activity than in adults and higher "permeability" for macromolecules. Studies in experimental animals demonstrate that several peptides (epidermal growth factors, insulin-like growth factor I and bombesin) after orogastric administration exhibit effects on the small intestine and other organs (liver or pancreas). Few studies performed in human neonates suggest a "survival" of epidermal growth factor in their gastric content. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of milk-borne hormonally active peptides. This need is stressed by the fact that several of those known to be present in human milk were found to be low or not detectable in infant formulae (epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin, parathyroid hormone-related peptide.

Hormonally active peptides in human milk

I – Hormones and Growth Factors in Bovine Milk

The concentrations of growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin, two hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the regulation of growth hormone secretion, were measured in human milk samples. The study was performed in healthy women within 48 h of delivery or during established lactation (between 1 and 64 weeks post delivery). No statistically significant correlation was found between the levels in milk of either of the neuropeptides and the gestational age at birth. However, lower values of GRF (23 +/- 4.7 pg/ml vs. 40.5 +/- 4.9 pg/ml) were found in milk obtained during established lactation than in milk obtained close to delivery. A positive correlation was observed between somatostatin and GRF concentrations in milk. The possible involvement of milk neuropeptides in the control of growth hormone secretion in the neonate, as well as in the regulation of other physiological processes, are evaluated.

Growth hormone releasing factor and somatostatin concentrations in the milk of lactating women.

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Growth hormone releasing factor and somatostatin concentrations in the milk of lactating women.