This report presents the conceptual design of a new European research infrastructure EuPRAXIA. The concept has been established over the last four years in a unique collaboration of 41 laboratories within a Horizon 2020 design study funded by the European Union. EuPRAXIA is the first European project that develops a dedicated particle accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology. It focuses on the development of electron accelerators and underlying technologies, their user communities, and the exploitation of existing accelerator infrastructures in Europe. EuPRAXIA has involved, amongst others, the international laser community and industry to build links and bridges with accelerator science — through realising synergies, identifying disruptive ideas, innovating, and fostering knowledge exchange. The Eu-PRAXIA project aims at the construction of an innovative electron accelerator using laser- and electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration that offers a significant reduction in size and possible savings in cost over current state-of-the-art radiofrequency-based accelerators. The foreseen electron energy range of one to five gigaelectronvolts (GeV) and its performance goals will enable versatile applications in various domains, e.g. as a compact free-electron laser (FEL), compact sources for medical imaging and positron generation, table-top test beams for particle detectors, as well as deeply penetrating X-ray and gamma-ray sources for material testing. EuPRAXIA is designed to be the required stepping stone to possible future plasma-based facilities, such as linear colliders at the high-energy physics (HEP) energy frontier. Consistent with a high-confidence approach, the project includes measures to retire risk by establishing scaled technology demonstrators. This report includes preliminary models for project implementation, cost and schedule that would allow operation of the full Eu-PRAXIA facility within 8—10 years.

EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report

This article first gives the authors' perspectives on how the field of plasma-based acceleration (PBA) developed and how the current experiments, theory, and simulations are motivated by long term applications of PBA to a future linear collider and an x-ray free electron laser. We then focus on some early applications that will likely emerge from PBA research such as electron beam radiotherapy, directional but incoherent x-ray beams for science and technology, near single cycle continuously tunable infrared pulses for spectroscopy, and non-perturbative quantum electrodynamics enabled by PBA electron beams. In our opinion, these near term applications could be developed within the next decade with a concerted effort by the community.

/pdf/perspectives-on-the-generation-of-electron-beams-from-plasma-4x5vvx9vzd.pdf

Perspectives on the generation of electron beams from plasma-based accelerators and their near and long term applications

With gigaelectron-volts per centimetre energy gains and femtosecond electron beams, laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is a promising candidate for applications, such as ultrafast electron diffraction, multistaged colliders and radiation sources (betatron, compton, undulator, free electron laser). However, for some of these applications, the beam performance, for example, energy spread, divergence and shot-to-shot fluctuations, need a drastic improvement. Here, we show that, using a dedicated transport line, we can mitigate these initial weaknesses. We demonstrate that we can manipulate the beam longitudinal and transverse phase-space of the presently available LWFA beams. Indeed, we separately correct orbit mis-steerings and minimise dispersion thanks to specially designed variable strength quadrupoles, and select the useful energy range passing through a slit in a magnetic chicane. Therefore, this matched electron beam leads to the successful observation of undulator synchrotron radiation after an 8 m transport path. These results pave the way to applications demanding in terms of beam quality.

/pdf/control-of-laser-plasma-accelerated-electrons-for-light-3spjgz405f.pdf

Control of laser plasma accelerated electrons for light sources

Abstract Free-electron lasers generate high-brilliance coherent radiation at wavelengths spanning from the infrared to the X-ray domains. The recent development of short-wavelength seeded free-electron lasers now allows for unprecedented levels of control on longitudinal coherence, opening new scientific avenues such as ultra-fast dynamics on complex systems and X-ray nonlinear optics. Although those devices rely on state-of-the-art large-scale accelerators, advancements on laser-plasma accelerators, which harness gigavolt-per-centimetre accelerating fields, showcase a promising technology as compact drivers for free-electron lasers. Using such footprint-reduced accelerators, exponential amplification of a shot-noise type of radiation in a self-amplified spontaneous emission configuration was recently achieved. However, employing this compact approach for the delivery of temporally coherent pulses in a controlled manner has remained a major challenge. Here we present the experimental demonstration of a laser-plasma accelerator-driven free-electron laser in a seeded configuration, where control over the radiation wavelength is accomplished. Furthermore, the appearance of interference fringes, resulting from the interaction between the phase-locked emitted radiation and the seed, confirms longitudinal coherence. Building on our scientific achievements, we anticipate a navigable pathway to extreme-ultraviolet wavelengths, paving the way towards smaller-scale free-electron lasers, unique tools for a multitude of applications in industry, laboratories and universities. 

/pdf/seeded-free-electron-laser-driven-by-a-compact-laser-plasma-12er1s6n.pdf

Seeded free-electron laser driven by a compact laser plasma accelerator

A beam optics scheme has been designed for the Future Circular Collider-e+e- (FCC-ee). The main characteristics of the design are: beam energy 45 to 175 GeV, 100 km circumference with two interaction points (IPs) per ring, horizontal crossing angle of 30 mrad at the IP and the crab-waist scheme [1] with local chromaticity correction. The crab-waist scheme is implemented within the local chromaticity correction system without additional sextupoles, by reducing the strength of one of the two sextupoles for vertical chromatic correction at each side of the IP. So-called "tapering" of the magnets is applied, which scales all fields of the magnets according to the local beam energy to compensate for the effect of synchrotron radiation (SR) loss along the ring. An asymmetric layout near the interaction region reduces the critical energy of SR photons on the incoming side of the IP to values below 100 keV, while matching the geometry to the beam line of the FCC proton collider (FCC-hh) [2] as closely as possible. Sufficient transverse/longitudinal dynamic aperture (DA) has been obtained, including major dynamical effects, to assure an adequate beam lifetime in the presence of beamstrahlung and top-up injection. In particular, a momentum acceptance larger than +/-2% has been obtained, which is better than the momentum acceptance of typical collider rings by about a factor of 2. The effects of the detector solenoids including their compensation elements are taken into account as well as synchrotron radiation in all magnets. The optics presented in this paper is a step toward a full conceptual design for the collider. A number of issues have been identified for further study.

Design of beam optics for the Future Circular Collider e+e- -collider rings

Different applications such as laser plasma acceleration, colliders, and diffraction limited light sources require high gradient quadrupoles, with strength that can reach up to 200 T/m for a typical 10 mm bore diameter. We present here a permanent magnet based quadrupole (so-called QUAPEVA) composed of a Halbach ring and surrounded by four permanent magnet cylinders. Its design including magnetic simulation modeling enabling us to reach 201 T/m with a gradient variability of 45% and mechanical issues are reported. Magnetic measurements of seven systems of different lengths are presented and confirmed the theoretical expectations. The variation of the magnetic center while changing the gradient strength is ±10 μm. A triplet of QUAPEVA magnets is used to efficiently focus a beam with large energy spread and high divergence that is generated by a Laser Plasma Acceleration source for a free electron laser demonstration and has enabled us to perform beam based alignment and control the dispersion of the beam.

Variable high gradient permanent magnet quadrupole (QUAPEVA)

High gradient quadrupoles are necessary for different applications such as laser plasma acceleration, colliders, and diffraction limited light sources. Permanent magnet quadrupoles provide a higher field strength and compactness than conventional electro-magnets. An original design of permanent magnet based quadrupole (so-called "QUAPEVA"), composed of a Halbach ring placed in the center with a bore radius of 6 mm and surrounded by four permanent magnet cylinders capable of providing a gradient of 210 T/m, is presented. The design of the QUAPEVAs, including magnetic simulation modeling, and mechanical issues are reported. Magnetic measurements of seven systems of different lengths are presented and confirmed the theoretical expectations. The variation of the magnetic center while changing the gradient strength is +/- 10 micrometer. A triplet of three QUAPEVA magnets are used to focus a beam with large energy spread and high divergence that is generated by Laser Plasma Acceleration source for a free electron laser demonstration.

The magnetic and the mechanical design of a high and variable gradient Permanent Magnet Quadrupole (PMQ) is presented. Seven of them with various lengths, ranging from 26 mm up to 100 mm, for different integrated quadrupole strengths were manufactured. The measured magnetic performance of these devices is also reported. These devices were successfully commissioned to transport laser plasma accelerated electron beam.

QUAPEVA: Variable high gradient permanent magnet quadrupole

Laser Plasma Acceleration (LPA) is capable of producing a GeV beam within a cm accelerating distance, but with a rather high initial divergence and large energy spread. COXINEL aims to demonstrate a compact Free Electron Laser using such a source, where a specific transport line with adequate elements is used, such as tunable high gradient quadrupoles for handling the divergence. An innovative permanent magnet based quadrupole (QUAPEVA) made of two quadrupoles superimposed capable of generating a gradient of 200 T/m is presented. The first quadrupole consists of magnets shaped as a ring and attaining a constant gradient of 155 T/m, and the second one made of four cylindrical magnets surrounding the ring and capable of rotating around their axis to achieve a gradient tunability of ± 46 T/m. Each tuning magnet is connected to a motor and controlled independently, enabling the gradient to be tuned with a rather good magnetic center stability ( ± 10  μ m) and without any field asymmetry. The measurements and field optimization of seven quadrupoles with different magnetic lengths are reported. A set of QUAPEVA triplet, installed at COXINEL, achieved good focusing and enabled beam based alignment.

Tunable high gradient quadrupoles for a laser plasma acceleration based FEL

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Variable high gradient permanent magnet quadrupole (QUAPEVA)

Variable high gradient permanent magnet quadrupole (QUAPEVA)

QUAPEVA: Variable high gradient permanent magnet quadrupole

Tunable high gradient quadrupoles for a laser plasma acceleration based FEL