This paper presents a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature on cultural transmission and socialization. It has been prepared for the Handbook of Social Economics, edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matt Jackson, to be published by Elsevier Science in 2010. JEL Codes: Z1, D01, D03

/pdf/the-economics-of-cultural-transmission-and-socialization-1joq76pey2.pdf

The Economics of Cultural Transmission and Socialization

ObjectivesTo assess the clinical sensitivity of causes of death, concomitant diseases and postoperative complications including thromboembolic events in ECMO patients. Methods: Between January 2000 and December 2004 154/202 patients (76.2%) died after postcardiotomy ECMO circulatory support. Autopsy was performed in 78 (50.6%) consecutive patients. Clinical and post-mortem data were prospectively recorded and compared concerning causes of death and postoperative complications including venous and arterial thromboembolisms and significant comorbidities.ResultsMean age was 62.1±11.3 years, ejection fraction was 43.4±17.3%. 39.7% were emergency operations including acute coronary syndrome in 25.6% and preoperative cardiogenic shock in 28.2%. Successful ECMO weaning rate was 43.6%. Mean postoperative survival was 11.3 days. Premortem unknown concomitant diseases were found in 63 patients (80.8%) with clinical relevance in 9 patients (11.5%). Clinically unrecognized postoperative complications were found in 59...

Autopsy findings in patients on postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

There is evidence that there is a bidirectional relationship between major depression and cardiovascular disorder (CVD): depressed patients are a population at risk for increased cardiac morbidity and mortality, and depression is more frequent in patients who suffer from CVD. There is also evidence that inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (ION T cell activation; increased acute phase proteins, like C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, fibrinogen and α1-antitrypsin; complement factors; increased LPS load through bacterial translocation and subsequent gut-derived inflammation; induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase with increased levels of tryptophan catabolites; decreased levels of antioxidants, like coenzyme Q10, zinc, vitamin E, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase; increased ON increased nitrosative stress; and decreased ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The complex interplay between the abovementioned IO&NS pathways in depression results in pro-atherogenic effects and should be regarded as a risk factor to future clinical CVD and due mortality. We suggest that major depression should be added as a risk factor to the Charlson "comorbidity" index. It is advised that patients with (sub)chronic or recurrent major depression should routinely be assessed by serology tests to predict if they have an increased risk to cardiovascular disorders.

Multiple aberrations in shared inflammatory and oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways explain the co-association of depression and cardiovascular disorder (CVD), and the increased risk for CVD and due mortality in depressed patients

Nearly all human beings, by the time they reach adolescence, are infected with multiple herpesviruses. At any given time, this family of viruses accounts for 35–40 billion human infections worldwide, making herpesviruses among the most prevalent pathogens known to exist. Compared to most other viruses, herpesviruses are also unique in that infection lasts the life of the host. Remarkably, despite their prevalence and persistence, little is known about how these viruses interact with their hosts, especially during the clinically asymptomatic phase of infection referred to as latency. This review explores data in human and animal systems that reveal the ability of latent herpesviruses to modulate the immune response to self and environmental antigens. From the perspective of the host, there are both potentially detrimental and surprisingly beneficial effects of this lifelong interaction. The realization that latent herpesvirus infection modulates immune responses in asymptomatic hosts forces us to reconsider what constitutes a ‘normal’ immune system in a healthy individual.

/pdf/immune-modulation-during-latent-herpesvirus-infection-5aigb7oojs.pdf

Immune Modulation During Latent Herpesvirus Infection

Chitooligosaccharide (COS), which is acknowledged for possessing multiple functions, is a kind of low-molecular-weight polymer prepared by degrading chitosan via enzymatic, chemical methods, etc. COS has comprehensive applications in various fields including food, agriculture, pharmacy, clinical therapy, and environmental industries. Besides having excellent properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, adsorptive abilities and non-toxicity like chitin and chitosan, COS has better solubility. In addition, COS has strong biological functions including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective effects, etc. The present paper has summarized the preparation methods, analytical techniques and biological functions to provide an overall understanding of the application of COS.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/8/2197/pdf

A Review of the Preparation, Analysis and Biological Functions of Chitooligosaccharide.

Atherosclerosis is no longer considered a disorder of lipid accumulation, but a disease process characterized by the dynamic interaction between endothelial dysfunction, subendothelial inflammation and the 'wound healing response' of the vascular smooth muscle cells. Prospective epidemiological studies have unequivocally demonstrated increased vascular risk in individuals with elevated levels of (i) cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, (ii) cell adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin, and (iii) acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and serum amyloid A. Furthermore, evidence from clinical trials have demonstrated that risk reduction achieved with anti-inflammatory agents such as statins is significantly greater in patients with evidence of inflammation. A number of risk factors for atherogenesis, including infectious agents, have been shown to exert their influence via inflammatory mechanisms. However, despite compelling experimental evidence, clinical studies looking at the role of infection in atherogenesis have lacked consistency. The clinical product of this dynamic process is variable and unpredictable between individuals, even those with apparently similar risk profiles.

Atherogenesis: the role of inflammation and infection.

Following a recent enquiry into surgery at a paediatric cardiac centre in England, there will be substantial changes in the way that the success and failure of surgical procedures will be monitored and investigated. Post-mortem examinations on patients dying after cardiac surgery are likely to be performed and reported in more detail. This review describes the protocol that we have developed and summarizes recent clinical and pathological studies that have increased our understanding of postoperative pathophysiology. Close attention should be paid to the history, particularly the operation note. Cardiac failure is the commonest cause of death. We believe this is a clinicopathological diagnosis and provide definitions of preoperative and perioperative cardiac failure. Haemorrhage, stroke, pulmonary emboli and infection are other important causes of death. Methods of dissection are suggested for bypass grafts and valve replacements. Two recent studies show that the post-mortem examination provides answers to most clinical questions and reveals an unexpected cause of death in 10-1 5% of patients, There are limitations however; an incomplete or indeterminate cause of death is found in 14-25% of patients. most commonly sudden clinically unexplained death or clinically unexplained cardiac failure soon after surgery.

Post-mortem examination after cardiac surgery.

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Atherogenesis: the role of inflammation and infection.

Post-mortem examination after cardiac surgery.