Monitoring the response of engineering structures, such as tall buildings, tower and large-scale bridges, under severe loading conditions, such as strong earthquake or wind storm, is an important requirement to verify their design and construction and to evaluate structural condition and reliability. In the last two decades, high-rate real-time or post-processed kinematic differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) has been widely used in dynamic displacement measurements of civil engineering structures. In recent years, interest has increased for Precise Point Positioning (PPP) due to its capability to generate positioning solutions as accurate as DGPS. In this study, the potential of post-processed kinematic PPP in terms of monitoring dynamic displacement response of a structure has been explored based on free damped oscillation events obtained from a model structure, which is able to vibrate in the fundamental and higher modes of vibration. A number of experiments have been carried out and five event...

Experimental assessment of post-processed kinematic Precise Point Positioning method for structural health monitoring

SUMMARY 
 
High-quality, weekly solutions for the coordinates of 45 permanent GPS stations spanning 1–6 years and covering the Alpine Mediterranean area are used to estimate a horizontal velocity field aligned with the ITRF2000 velocity datum. After subtracting model velocities for the Eurasian Plate, we show that the residual velocity field north of the Apennines, in the Adriatic/Dinaric region, describes a NNE-trending tectonic flow with a negative velocity gradient, from 6 mm yr−1 NE of the Apennines to virtually zero NE of the Dinarids. In the Calabria region we observe a divergent pattern, with NNW orientation, which turns to west as one moves north, towards Tuscany. Very small residual velocities are observed for stations in the Sardinia Corsica block, Spain, Southern France and north of the Alps. This regional pattern of velocities defines areas of intraplate strain. On the basis of good station coverage and of a strain rate value above a threshold, we define five provinces: Calabria, Central Apennines, both in the extensional regime, and North Adriatic, Eastern Alps and South Adriatic, under compression. We show that the orientations of the principal strain rate axes agree with the stress pattern that is inferred from local seismicity. A comparison of the geodetically determined strain rate with the strain rate associated with the seismic moment of earthquakes in the past 30 yr shows that each province may differ considerably from the others in the amount of seismic moment that is accommodated by surface strain. For example, the Umbria seismic sequence of 1997 seems to have released a seismic moment that was not exceptionally large, but concentrated over a short time interval, so that the equivalent coseismic strain rate was larger than the value observed geodetically. On average, depending on the assumptions on the seismogenic volume and time span, 70–100 per cent of the surface strain seems to be accommodated by the release of seismic moment in the upper Italian crust.

Average Strain Rate in the Italian Crust Inferred From a Permanent GPS Network

Shield tunneling under rivers often requires monitoring riverbed deformations in near real-time However, it is challenging to measure riverbed deformation with conventional survey techniques This study introduces a comprehensive method that uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the USA and the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BeiDou) of China to monitor riverbed deformation during the construction of twin tunnels beneath the Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang, China A semi-permanent GPS network with one base station outside the river and six rover stations within the river was established for conducting near real-time and long-term monitoring The distances between the base and the rover antennas are within two kilometers The network was continuously operating for eight months from April to December 2018 The method is comprised of three components: (1) Monitoring the stability of the base station using precise point positioning (PPP) method, a stable regional reference frame, and a seasonal ground deformation model; (2) monitoring the relative positions of rover stations using the carrier-phase double-difference (DD) positioning method in near real-time; and (3) detecting abrupt and gradual displacements at both base and rover stations using an automated change point detection algorithm The method is able to detect abrupt positional-changes as minor as five millimeters in near real-time and gradual positional-changes at a couple of millimeters per day within a week The method has the flexibility of concurrent processing different GPS and BeiDou data sessions (eg, every 15 minutes, 30 minutes, one hour, one day) for diffident monitoring purposes This study indicates that BeiDou observations can also achieve few-millimeter-accuracy for measuring displacements Parallel processing GPS and BeiDou observations can improve the reliability of near real-time structural deformation monitoring and minimize false alerts The method introduced in this article can be applied to other urban areas for near real-time and long-term structural health monitoring

Detection and Monitoring of Tunneling-Induced Riverbed Deformation Using GPS and BeiDou: A Case Study

Assessment of high-rate GPS using a single-axis shake table

Delineating Beach and Dune Morphology from Massive Terrestrial Laser-Scanning Data Using Generic Mapping Tools

Performance of High-Rate Kinematic GPS During Strong Shaking: Observations from Shake Table Tests and the 2010 Chile Earthquake Over the last decade, the 1-sample-per-second kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used as a displacement sensor in earthquake observations and for structural health monitoring. Many researchers in both seismology and engineering have expressed the desire for higher-sample-rate (10-sample-per-second or higher) GPS data to acquire high-frequency displacement information. We performed several shake table tests of GPS observation on 29 April, 2009 for the purpose of evaluating the performance of high-rate kinematic GPS. We found that the accuracy of high-rate kinematic GPS depended on antenna movement, but was independent of receiver sampling rate. The errors in kinematic GPS measurements during the periods of strong shaking were systematically larger than those during the static periods. Furthermore, we found that these large errors were coincident with large accelerations and jerks in the motions experienced by the GPS receivers and antennas. Observations from the 2010 earthquake in Maule, Chile (M 8.8) indicated that strong ground motions can degrade the accuracy of high-rate kinematic GPS measurements. Significant jerks and/or accelerations can cause GPS units to temporarily lose tracking on satellite signals and lead to gaps in GPS-recorded seismograms.

https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/jogs.2012.2.issue-1/v10156-011-0020-0/v10156-011-0020-0.xml

Performance of High-Rate Kinematic GPS During Strong Shaking: Observations from Shake Table Tests and the 2010 Chile Earthquake

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Performance of High-Rate Kinematic GPS During Strong Shaking: Observations from Shake Table Tests and the 2010 Chile Earthquake