Reducing CO2 emissions is an urgent global priority. The enforcement of a CO2 tax, stringent regulations, and investment in renewables are some of the mitigation strategies currently in place. For ...

The prospect of hydrogen storage using liquid organic hydrogen carriers

Liquid organic hydrogen carriers for transportation and storing of renewable energy: Review and discussion

Future energy systems will be determined by the increasing relevance of solar and wind energy. Crude oil and gas prices are expected to increase in the long run, and penalties for CO2 emissions will become a relevant economic factor. Solar- and wind-powered electricity will become significantly cheaper, such that hydrogen produced from electrolysis will be competitively priced against hydrogen manufactured from natural gas. However, to handle the unsteadiness of system input from fluctuating energy sources, energy storage technologies that cover the full scale of power (in megawatts) and energy storage amounts (in megawatt hours) are required. Hydrogen, in particular, is a promising secondary energy vector for storing, transporting, and distributing large and very large amounts of energy at the gigawatt-hour and terawatt-hour scales. However, we also discuss energy storage at the 120–200-kWh scale, for example, for onboard hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles using compressed hydrogen storage. This arti...

Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Future Energy Systems

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems offer a very attractive way to store and transport hydrogen, a technical feature that is highly desirable to link unsteady energy production from renewables with the vision of a sustainable, CO2-free, hydrogen-based energy system. LOHCs can be charged and discharged with considerable amounts of hydrogen in cyclic, catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes. As their physico-chemical properties are very similar to diesel, today's infrastructure for liquid fuels can be used for their handling thus greatly facilitating the step-wise transition from today's fossil system to a CO2 emission free energy supply for both, stationary and mobile applications. However, for a broader application of these liquids it is mandatory to study in addition to their technical performance also their potential impact on the environment and human health. This paper presents the first account on the toxicological profile of some potential LOHC structures. Moreover, it documents the importance of an early integration of hazard assessment in technology development and reveals for the specific case of LOHC structures the need for additional research in order to overcome some challenges in the hazard assessment for these liquids.

/pdf/environmental-and-health-impact-assessment-of-liquid-organic-eqf6o9kocn.pdf

Environmental and health impact assessment of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems – challenges and preliminary results

In the framework of limiting the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, the utilization of CO2 as a feedstock for the synthesis of different products, such as methanol, dimethyl ether and liquid fuels, is gaining a lot of interest. In particular, the Power-to-Liquid (PtL) concept which combines the CO2 hydrogenation with the production of hydrogen from water electrolysis, powered by renewable sources, seems a very interesting solution for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals. It also represents a storage solution for the intermittent renewable energies. In this work, the techno-economic feasibility of the CO2 hydrogenation into long-chain hydrocarbons, compared to the synthesis of other liquid or gaseous products (methanol, DME, hydrogen, methane…) is studied, as well as that of PtL compared to other renewable fuels production pathways. Even if the PtL process is not economically competitive on the market yet, some economic considerations predict a decrease in the production cost of PtL fuels, thus it is worth to study the synthesis of liquid fuels from CO2 and H2 for its several advantages in terms of efficiency and sustainability of the process, especially for middle or long term prospects and for their potential applications as fuel for the heavy-duty, marine and aviation transport, but also as feedstock for the chemical industry. The review is then focused on the hydrogenation of CO2 into liquid fuels. A review of the performances of Fe and Co catalysts is also given, pointing up that iron catalysts are more suitable for the production of long-chain hydrocarbons, especially when potassium-promoted. A state-of-the-art about the kinetic modeling of the reaction and the current industrial demonstrators has also been reported. However, very few data are available and further investigation in this field should be done. This work, summarizing general information about the hydrocarbon synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation, shows the complexity of such a process and points out that further studies about the reaction mechanism, kinetics and the development of a highly active catalyst selective towards long-chain hydrocarbons are needed. This will help to increase the techno-economic feasibility of this challenging process.

Power-to-Liquid catalytic CO2 valorization into fuels and chemicals: focus on the Fischer-Tropsch route

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC): An auspicious alternative to conventional hydrogen storage technologies

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Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC): An auspicious alternative to conventional hydrogen storage technologies