This paper presents an assessment of the lichen taxa cited for Argentina, as related to botanical expeditions and in the context of their distribution both in the four vascular flora phytogeographic dominions and in geographic provinces. Three chronological periods are considered: the first, up to the middle of the 20th century, when Grassi published the Catalogue of Argentine Lichens (first catalogue of its kind in Latin America), the second, up to the 1970s and the third, up to the present. The work of Argentine research groups is discussed, including data from bibliographical sources and researchers’ personal communications. The relationship between contributions by local and foreign scientists is discussed. It is concluded that knowledge of the Argentinean lichen flora is patchy and depends on the accessibility of the study area and historical factors of each region, rather than on the phytogeographic area considered.

Lichenology in Latin America: History, Current Knowledge and Applications

The thesis consists of regional forest condition studies, using different biomonitors. Heavy metal deposition was investigated in 1985–2000 on the basis of the heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in mosses in Finland. A comparison on the suitability of mosses, epiphytic lichens and pine bark as biomonitors of heavy metals was also carried. Bark was also used to study the dispersal of emissions from the Kola Peninsula into northern Finland. The occurrence of green algae on conifers in Finland was investigated in 1985 and 1995. Regional and temporal differences were found in the heavy metal concentrations of mosses in Finland. The concentrations of most metals were the highest in southern Finland, and they decreased towards the north. Some of the major emission source had a noticeable effect on the Cu, Ni and Cr concentrations of mosses in the surroundings of the emission sources. The Pb, Cd and V concentrations decreased the most during the study period. Mosses, lichens and bark gave a relatively similar result for heavy metal deposition in Finland. However, the comparisons indicated that mosses are better suited as biomonitors for regional surveys than epiphytic lichens, because the regional differences in heavy metal deposition were more readily reflected by concentrations in mosses than in lichens. Bark is relatively unsuitable for regional surveys due to the small range of variation in the concentrations. Emissions from the Kola Peninsula had a clear effect on the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations of pine bark. The concentrations in bark were at very high levels close to the smelters, but they rapidly decreased on moving towards the west. The effects of emissions were still clearly visible in north-eastern Lapland. There was strong increase in the abundance of green algae on conifers in southern and central Finland during the period 1985–1995. The increase is probably due to following factors: climate warming, and an increase in nitrogen and a decrease in sulphur in their habitats. Half of each biomonitor sample collected in the surveys has been stored in the specimen bank at Paljakka. The storage of samples offers advantages for monitoring purposes. The availability of longterm sample series makes it possible to construct retrospective time series of the pollutants. The specimen bank is to be further developed in the future by establishing a reputation as a storage facility for samples related to forest ecosystems.

/pdf/mosses-epiphytic-lichens-and-tree-bark-as-biomonitors-for-djdjaot6s4.pdf

Mosses, epiphytic lichens and tree bark as biomonitors for air pollutants – specifically for heavy metals in regional surveys

Fil: Pignata, Maria Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal; Argentina

Distribution of atmospheric trace elements and assesment of air quality in Argentina employing the lichen, Ramalina celastri, as a passive biomonitor: detection of air pollution emission sources

An assessment of pollution impacts due to the oil and gas industries in the Pechora basin, north-eastern European Russia

Lichens are known to be bioaccumulators of atmospheric pollutants and are abundant in the Canadian arctic. Mining in this region may negatively impact the tundra communities and these impacts may be detected by increased accumulation of heavy metals, greenhouse gas constituents, and organic compounds in lichen tissue. The effect of sampling direction and distance from a diamond mine on bioaccumulation in three lichen species, Flavocetraria nivalis, Flavocetraria cucullata, and Cladina arbuscula, was investigated. Eight sample sites were located immediately adjacent to a diamond mine, one in each cardinal and ordinal direction, and six sample sites each were located 30 and 60 km from the mine (cardinal, NE, and SE). Thirty-three major and trace elements, sulfate (SO(4)), nitrate (NO(3)), ammonium (NH(4)), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and phthalates were analyzed in lichen tissue and soil. A significant interaction occurred between distance and direction from the mine. Highest concentrations of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, and V in lichen were at the mine site regardless of direction. Highest concentrations for all other elements were at the mine in at least two directions. Although present in lichen tissue, there was no significant difference among sites for Hg, Mn, S, and three phthalates. PAHs were below detection limits in lichen tissue. The effect of direction was dependent on element and species, although concentrations of most elements were greatest east or southeast of the mine site. At distance from the mine, direction had less of an effect on concentrations. Elevated concentrations in tissue did not negatively impact lichen or plant cover or lichen richness. This research strongly suggests selection of sample sites and species can impact results and interpretation of data from air quality monitoring programs that use lichens as biomonitors.

Lichens as biomonitors of air quality around a diamond mine, northwest territories, Canada.

The purpose was to determine the extent to which the relatively sparse lichen flora on the trunks of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) can serve as an indicator of air purity. The percentage cover and condition of the lichens were recorded in sample plots from which lichens (Hypogymnia physodes) and pine needles were collected for chemical analysis. Clear differences in pollution tolerance were found between the species, Pla tismatia glauca and H. tubulosa being the most sensitive of the macro lichens and H. physodes and Parmeliopsis ambigua the most tolerant. With decreasing distance from the city centre the numbers of macrolichen species and their size and percentage cover diminished, changes in their external appearance became more marked and the concentrations of im purities in the lichens and pine needles increased. Pendulous lichens of the genus Bryoria occurred on fairly polluted plots, but their maximum lengths remained small. No actual 'lichen desert' could be discerned, however. The interaction of air pollutants with other environmental factors is discussed.

Lichens as indicators of air pollution in Oulu, northern Finland

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Lichens as indicators of air pollution in Oulu, northern Finland