Extensions of nuclear physics to the strange sector are reviewed, covering data and models of Λ and other hypernuclei, multistrange matter, and antikaon bound states and condensation. Past achievements are highlighted, present unresolved problems are discussed, and future directions are outlined.

Strangeness in nuclear physics

A study has been made of the production of hyperfragments by the interactions of 800-MeV/c K- mesons in nuclear emulsion. The frequency of production, estimated to be 5.3±0.3%, is about the same as for K- mesons at rest. The hyperfragments are emitted predominantly in the forward direction and the ratio of nonmesonic to mesonic decays has been found to be 11.5±0.6, much greater than for K- mesons at rest. The proportion of hyperfragments of short range (range in emulsion

/pdf/production-of-hyperfragments-from-the-interactions-of-800-4mv9hgmgyv.pdf

Production of hyperfragments from the interactions of 800-MeV/c K- mesons with emulsion nuclei

422 K- and 13 ∑--capture stars emitting mesic hyperfragments (MHF) have been studied in an attempt to understand the mechanism of hyperfragment production. 123 K- stars emitting8Li fragments were also considered. Several criteria were used to separate K- captures in C, N, O and Ag, Br. Lower limits for the proportion of MHF produced in C, N, O are 57%, 73%, 84%, and 94% for HΛ, HeΛ, LiΛ and MHF of Z ≥ 4. For8Li, this lower limit is 75%. An overall frequency of (1.05±0.05)·10-2 MHF/K--capture and (3.8±1.4) · 10-2 HF/∑--capture is obtained. The energy spectrum of the pions emitted in the capture stars indicates that a substantial fraction of the emitted bound Λ’s originates in ∑-conversion processes. Indication of bound-Λ production from multinucleon K--capture processes was obtained, important in the case of HΛ. The momentum spectra for different hypernuclear species are very similar and the spectra of HeΛ and LiΛ are, in turn, comparable with the momentum spectra of He and8Li respectively. Hyperfragments are emitted preferentially opposite to the direction of emission of an associated pion or fast proton. The backwards-forward (B/F) ratio is for π, MHF events, 1.8±0.4. Two models for the production of hyperfragments are proposed. According to the first (« trapped-Λ ») the Λ created in the elementary process is trapped in the nuclear potential well of the parent nucleus. The HF is then emitted in the process of nuclear de-excitation. In the second model (« prompt-HF ») the HF is emitted promptly following the K- or ∑- interaction with a group of nucleons. It is concluded that both mechanisms may contribute. The occurrence of both processes can explain essentially all the salient features of hyperfragment emission.

Mesic decays of hypernuclei from K−-capture

>It is shown that a determination of K LAMBDA N parity may, under certain assumptions, be obtained by measuring the s wave to p wave amplitudes in the decay LAMBDA yields p + pi /sup -/. Measurements are reported, and resuits on parameters for the decays SIGMA /sup +/ yields p + pi /sup 0/ and LAMBDA yields p + pi /sup -/ are presented and discussed. (L.N.N.)

HYPERON DECAY PARAMETERS AND THE K$lambda$N PARITY

In this study of hyperfragment production by K--meson absorptions at rest in emulsion nuclei, an attempt has been made to estimate the contribution of heavy spallation hyperfragments to the total observed number. In a sample of 24 640 K--meson captures, 1612 secondary events have been attributed to the production and subsequent decay of hyperfragments. From a study of the characteristics of both the production and decay disintegrations, it is concluded that about one half of the observed hyperfragments consists of λ0-hyperons trapped in the heavy spallation products of silver and bromine and these are almost entirely confined to the (0/3) μm range interval. The consequences of their presence aie discussed.

/pdf/the-production-of-heavy-hyperfragments-by-k-meson-captures-42i5vfqqop.pdf

The production of heavy hyperfragments by K--meson captures at rest in emulsion nuclei

The distribution of certain kinematic quantities defined in the decay5HeΛ → π− + p +4He are interpreted as being due to the presence of a strong final state interaction. In particular the data are discussed with reference to two simple theories, one of which takes into account the specific p-4He nuclear interaction. The experimental evidence, although not conclusive, is consistent with the expectation that the p-4Hep
3/2 resonance plays an important role in determining the final state configurations.

Final state interaction in5HeΛ decay

A study of hyperfragments has been made in a 10-inch3 stack of Ilford G5 emulsion which was exposed to the Berkeley 4.7 GeV/c π- beam. In area scanning 66 500 interaction stars, 37 hyperfragments (12 mesonic decays - 25 non-mesonic decays) and 61 other secondary events (« Goks ») with connecting tracks < 15 μm were found. Some fraction of these 61 GOKS (undetermined in this study) represent hyperfragments. Binding energies for 6 of the mesonic hyperfragments have been obtained. Three of these binding energies are forZ ⩾ 3.

Hyperfragment binding energies

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Mesic decays of hypernuclei from K−-capture

Final state interaction in5HeΛ decay

Hyperfragment binding energies