In a large representative sample of 13-year-old twins, monozygotic pairs were more alike than same-sex dizygotic pairs on objective measures of attentiveness and on parent and teacher ratings of hyperactivity. Comparison of recognized and unrecognized monozygotic pairs indicated that parents and teachers rated twins more similarly when the twins were perceived as "identical" rather than "non-identical". After allowing for this stereotyping, genetic effects accounted for approximately half of the explainable variance of hyperactivity and inattentiveness. Data from mixed-sex pairs did not support a 2-threshold genetic explanation for the male excess of hyperactivity. The link between adverse family factors and hyperactivity was weak. Perinatal adversity was not related to later hyperactivity.

A Twin Study of Hyperactivity—II. The Aetiological Role of Genes, Family Relationships and Perinatal Adversity

Birthweight as a risk factor for breast cancer

Pregnancy outcome of female survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study☆☆☆★

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether birth weight and gestational age are associated with respiratory illness and lung function in children aged 5-11 years. DESIGN--Cross sectional analysis of parent reported birth weight, gestational age, and respiratory symptoms; parental smoking and social conditions; forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory rates between 25% and 75% and 75% and 85% (FEF25-75 and FEF75-85), and height. SETTING--Primary schools in England and Scotland in 1990. SUBJECTS--5573 children aged 5-11 (63.3% of eligible children) had respiratory symptoms analysed and 2036 children (67.1% of eligible children) had lung function measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, occasional and frequent wheeze, cough first thing in the morning, and cough at any other time and lung function. RESULTS--Birth weight adjusted for gestational age was significantly associated with all lung function measurements, except FEF25-75. The association remained for FVC (b = 0.475, 95% confidence interval 0.181 to 0.769) and FEV1 (b = 0.502, 0.204 to 0.800) after adjustment for gestational age, parental smoking, and social factors. FEF75-85 was the only lung function related to gestational age. Respiratory symptoms, especially wheeze most days (adjusted odds ratio 0.9, 0.84 to 0.97) were significantly associated with prematurity. Every extra week of gestation reduced the risk of severe wheeze by about 10%. CONCLUSIONS--Lung function is affected mainly by intrauterine environment while respiratory illness, especially wheezing, in childhood is related to prematurity.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/306/6881/817.full.pdf

Effects of prematurity and intrauterine growth on respiratory health and lung function in childhood.

Objectives: To determine the range of accuracy of parent recall for many different events when compared with pediatrician's records and to establish whether good recall is associated with the nature of the event, period of recall, or demographic characteristics. Research Design: A nonconcurrent, descriptive survey of previous events. Setting: Two pediatric group practices in Montreal, Quebec. Participants: Two hundred eighty-eight parents of children aged 1 to 13 years. Interventions: None. Measurements/Main Results: Parents' responses to a self-administered questionnaire were compared with information extracted from pediatricians' records. The health events studied included asthma, bronchitis, otitis media, accidents, hospitalizations, office visits, and birth weight. Most parents (73%) were able to recall birth weight within 50 g, and 85% reported a frequency of hospitalizations that agreed exactly with the record. For asthma, bronchitis, and otitis in the last year, the percentages with good agreement were 91%, 85%, and 51%, respectively, while for the same disorders during the child's lifetime, the corresponding figures were 87%, 74%, and 53%, respectively. Each parent's responses were classified according to overall quality of agreement; associations between agreement and respondent characteristics were investigated. Mothers responded more accurately than fathers, and parents of younger children also showed better recall. Other factors, eg, education and occupation, were not significantly correlated with recall. Conclusions: When compared with pediatricians' records, parent reports are generally acceptable for most research purposes and may be a better source for some health events such as accidents. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:553-558)

How well they remember. The accuracy of parent reports.

Accuracy of mothers' recall of birthweight and gestational age.

Birth order and birth weight reexamined.

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Accuracy of mothers' recall of birthweight and gestational age.

Birth order and birth weight reexamined.