Low dielectric constant polymers for microelectronics

o-Quinodimethanes: Efficient Intermediates in Organic Synthesis.

The heat and flame resistance of high performance fibres are reviewed according to the literature data. The performance is discussed considering the physical and chemical structure of the fibres. Some selected high performance fibres are then evaluated using the cone calorimeter as a fire model to provide realistic data on the fire behaviour of the fibres. They are also examined in terms of heat resistance using combined TGA/DSC. The results are discussed and compared with literature data. Heterocyclic rigid-rod polymers (poly (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole or PBO (Zylon®) and poly(2,6-diimidazo (4,5-b:4′,5′-e) pyridinylene-1,4 (2,5-dihydroxy) phenylene or PIPD (M5)) exhibit the best performance (little or contribution to fire, low smoke and good heat resistance) and offer a good combination between heat and flame resistance and mechanical properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Heat resistance and flammability of high performance fibres: A review

This review article describes recent developments in the field of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers with specific focus on their characterization methods, materials synthesis, chromophore orientation techniques, and device applications. For the characterization techniques of NLO properties of organics and polymeric materials, electric field-induced second harmonic generation, hyper-Raleigh scattering, electro-optic coefficient measurement, etc. are discussed. The significant progress obtained from the authors’ investigations, resulted in various types of polymeric materials including dendrimers and organic-inorganic hybrids with specific structures of academic and technological significance which are presented here. To produce highly efficient macroscopic nonlinearity in NLO polymeric systems, several chromophore orientation techniques such as static field poling, photoassisted poling, all optical poling, contact and corona poling are also demonstrated. In addition, the prospects for practical applications of the NLO polymers in information technology are reviewed.

Polymeric Materials and their Orientation Techniques for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics

Nucleophilic displacement of activated aromatic nitro groups with aryloxy anion is a versatile and useful reaction for the synthesis of aromatic ethers. Preparation of various aromatic monomers and polymers containing ether linkages is described.

Polymer syntheses via aromatic nitro displacement reaction

Synthesis of the polyformal of bisphenol A

Reactions of phenoxides with nitro-substituted phthalate esters

A direct synthesis of phenoxy-substituted phthalic anhydrides by aromatic nucleophilic displacement

The synthesis of aliphatic polyformals (1) has been known for many years and is relatively straightforwardl. As shown in equation 1, aliphatic diols can be reacted directly with formaldehyde or dialkyl formals (2) to produce these polymers. The principal complication of the reaction occurs when the diol used contains 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms in which case the formation of the cyclic formal (3) is favored.

The synthesis of aromatic polyformals

The synthetic route to polyetherimides by displacement of nitro-groups from disubstituted bis-imides by the dianion of bisphenols are described. The prepration of bis-imides and bisphenol dianions, their polymerization, and some of the properties of the polymers are presented in detail. The 13C-NMR spectra of intermediates and products were used to establish compositions and determine molecular weights.

Polyetherimides via nitro-displacement polymerization: Monomer synthesis and 13C-NMR analysis of monomers and polymers

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