Sirex noctilio Fabricius has a long history as an invasive insect species in pine plantations throughout the Southern Hemisphere and has been recently discovered in North America, where it is uncertain how this insect will behave in pine ecosystems. To assess the impact and attack behavior of S. noctilio, forest surveys and measurements from attacked and unattacked trees were taken in nine Pinus resinosa Ait. and Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in New York, USA, and Ontario, Canada. There was a trend of S. noctilio attacking suppressed trees with smaller live crowns and reduced growth. Some S. noctilio attacks were also found in dominant crown classes but at a lower rate than overtopped or intermediate classes. Sirex noctilio appeared to have more of an impact in P. sylvestris forests, as they attacked more stems (9%–18%) and higher basal area (1.6–5.5 m2/ha) than P. resinosa stands (3%–8% of stems and 0.4–2.4 m2/ha). Dead trees with signs of Siricidae and dead from other causes were also quantified, and ...

/pdf/the-impact-of-sirex-noctilio-in-pinus-resinosa-and-pinus-12bjwgks17.pdf

The impact of Sirex noctilio in Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris stands in New York and Ontario

The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous forest insects into new habitats is increasing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse consequences on natural and plantation forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive forest insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a damaging invasive forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthropogenic effects. Spread rates for S. noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates.

/pdf/temperature-explains-variable-spread-rates-of-the-invasive-4966btev1k.pdf

Temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere

Nonindigenous species have caused significant impacts to North American forests despite past and present international phytosanitary efforts. Though broadly acknowledged, the risks of pest invasions are difficult to quantify as they involve interactions between many factors that operate across a range of spatial and temporal scales: the transmission of invading organisms via various pathways, their spread and establishment in new environments. Our study presents a stochastic simulation approach to quantify these risks and associated uncertainties through time in a unified fashion. We outline this approach with an example of a forest pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. We simulate new potential entries of S. noctilio as a stochastic process, based on recent volumes of marine shipments of commodities from countries where S. noctilio is established, as well as the broad dynamics of foreign marine imports. The results are then linked with a spatial model that simulates the spread of S. noctilio within the geographical distribution of its hosts (pines) while incorporating existing knowledge about its behavior in North American landscapes. Through replications, this approach yields a spatial representation of S. noctilio risks and uncertainties in a single integrated product. The approach should also be appealing to decisionmakers, since it accounts for projected flows of commodities that may serve as conduits for pest entry. Our 30-year forecasts indicate high establishment probability in Ontario, Quebec, and the northeastern United States, but further southward expansion of S. noctilio is uncertain, ultimately depending on the impact of recent international treatment standards for wood packing materials.

/pdf/mapping-invasive-species-risks-with-stochastic-models-a-njuk0qboqb.pdf

Mapping Invasive Species Risks with Stochastic Models: A Cross-Border United States-Canada Application for Sirex noctilio Fabricius

The wood-boring wasp Sirex noctilio has an obligate mutualistic ­relationship with the basidiomycete fungus, Amylostereum areolatum. Female wasps carry the fungus in internal mycangia and introduce it into a relatively competition free environment inside the living stems of Pinus trees. The fungus and a phytotoxic mucus produced by the wasp act in concert to stress the host tree, creating an ideal environment for the fungus to develop. Fungal development is essential for the initiation of insect development and nutrition of the larvae. Favourable conditions for the fungus produce larger wasps and this influences their longevity, fecundity and flight potential, thus facilitating population growth and expansion. Trees that are physiologically stressed, for example by climatic factors, overcrowding, or other pests and pathogens, are more susceptible to attack. In susceptible stands, populations of the pest were long thought to be regulated by a number of parasites. As the pest complex continues to expand its range, it is becoming evident that a more complex interaction of various biotic and abiotic factors combine to regulate population dynamics. Addressing such knowledge gaps is important if successful control of S. noctilio is to be ensured into the future.

Life History and Biology of Sirex noctilio

This study presents a model that assesses the potential impact of a new alien insect species, Sirex noctilio Fabri- cius, on pine timber supply and harvest activities in eastern Canada. We integrate the spread of S. noctilio with a broad-scale growth and harvest allocation model. Projections of pine mortality range between 25 � 10 6 and 115 � 10 6 m 3 over 20 years depending on S. noctilio spread and impact assumptions. Our model suggests Ontario could experience the highest, most im- mediate losses (78% of the potential losses across eastern Canada), with Quebec sustaining most of the rest of the losses over the next 20 years. Potential losses of $86 to $254 million per year are simulated after 20 years. The net present value of total harvest losses after 28 years of outbreak ranges between $0.7 to $2.1 billion. Adaptation policies decrease short- term losses by 46%-55% and delay larger harvest failures by 9-11 years. Without harvest adaptation, failures to maintain annual allowable cut levels may occur once the total area infested exceeds 15 � 10 6 ha. While better understanding and rep- resenting S. noctilio behaviour will involve a significant effort, there is a strong demand by policy makers for this kind of in- formation.

/pdf/a-bioeconomic-approach-to-assess-the-impact-of-an-alien-2xpxs8j23k.pdf

A bioeconomic approach to assess the impact of an alien invasive insect on timber supply and harvesting: a case study with Sirex noctilio in eastern Canada.

A sirex woodwasp, commonly called “sirex woodwasp” or the “European woodwasp” Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), is a high-risk alien invasive forest insect for North America. In September 2004, this insect was trapped in the field in New York, identified in February 2005 and confirmed as established in July 2005 – the first record of such for North America. The close proximity of the original and subsequent discoveries of S. noctilio in New York prompted a rapid response survey for this insect in adjacent areas in Ontario, Canada. This report records the first discoveries of this wood wasp in Canada in 2005. ____________________ A sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), which is commonly called “sirex woodwasp” (Haugen and Hoebeke 2005) or the “European woodwasp” (Ciesla 2003) is native to Europe, Asia, and parts of northern Africa. The woodwasp is not a pest in its native range, but it is a major pest of introduced pines in New Zealand, Australia, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and South Africa (Ciesla 2003). This wasp typically is a problem in stagnant stands and is managed by the use of silviculture to promote stand vigor (Haugen et al. 1990) and by nematodes to reduce woodwasp populations (Bedding and Iede 2006). In pest risk assessments, S. noctilio is rated as a very high risk pest for North America (Haugen 2006). On 7 September 2004, a single adult female was caught from a funnel trap located in a mixed hardwood-pine stand located in Fulton, Oswego County, New York as part of the USDA Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. It was identified on 23 February 2005 and confirmed on 5 July 2005 as established in the United States (Hoebeke et al. 2005, NAPPO 2005a, 2005b). Fulton is about 100 km south of Kingston, Ontario, Canada and about 80 km directly southeast of Prince Edward County, Ontario. As of mid November 2005, a delimiting survey had yielded 85 S. noctilio females in New York; 32 females within 8 km of Oswego, and six females between the 30 and 110 km (approximate) radius trap circles (APHIS 2005). The close proximity of Canada to the established population positive finds of S. noctilio in upper state New York and the multiple new discoveries during the summer of 2005 prompted a rapid response survey in Canada for this woodwasp. This report describes the results of that survey and reports on the discoveries of S. noctilio in Canada. Thirty-six sites were sampled in Ontario along a line corridor from Sandbanks Provincial Park southeast of Wellington to Cornwall (Fig. 1). This narrow trapping corridor was chosen for its proximity to the known S. noctilio infestation in New York. Trapping sites contained either two or three needle, hard pines (Pinus spp.), and included small residential and roadside plantings, small plantations, and natural forests. Thirteen sites contained Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus), followed by 12 Austrian pine (P. nigra Arnold) sites, four red pine (P. resinosa Aiton) sites, four jack pine (P. banksiana Lambert) sites, 1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5. 2Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Management Branch, Forest Health and Silviculture Section, Suite 400, 70 Foster Dr., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 6V5. 1 de Groot et al.: Discovery of Sirex Noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in On Published by ValpoScholar, 2006 0 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 39, Nos. & 2 two pitch pine (P. rigida Miller) sites and one Mugo pine (P. mugo Turra) site. Tree height ranged from 4 to 20 m. Lindgren funnel traps (12-unit) (Pherotech, International, Inc., Delta, British Columbia, Canada) were used to capture woodwasps. Traps were hung from pine branches or between two pine trees at least 1 m away from the tree trunk and at least 0.5 m above ground. Each trap was baited with lures: –pinene, –pinene, both in separate bottles, or a formulation of both in one release device (Table 1). These pinenes are common monoterpenes found in conifers and known to elicit an antennal response of S. noctilio (Simpson 1976, Simpson and McQuilkin 1976). The two different trapping configurations were set up, not as a research trial, but as an opportunity to gather some preliminary information about the attractiveness of different lures. At 17 sites, three traps were deployed 20 m apart, either in an equilateral triangle or a straight line depending on the forest stand, with one trap baited with –pinene, another with –pinene, and the third trap baited with both lures. At the remaining 19 sites, two traps were deployed 20 m apart with one trap containing –pinene and –pinene released from separate bottles, and the other trap containing a blend of  and  pinenes released from one bottle. The purity, composition and release rates of the compounds used are described in Table 1. Traps were deployed between 23 August and 2 September 2005. All insects were collected from the traps during 19-23 September and again during 10-13 October 2005, when the traps were taken down. The flight period of S. noctilio was obviously unknown, but it was thought that it would be a late summer flyer similar to other native siricids and that surveys conducted in late August and September would not be too late to capture them. Five adult S. noctilio females were collected from the 89 traps. Positive traps extended 195 km from Prescott, Ontario (Site 1) to near Wellington, Ontario (Site 4) (Fig. 1). All five females were captured in traps with –pinene lures (Table 1). At Site 4, Sandbanks Provincial Park (Fig. 1), two S. noctilio females were captured in traps deployed in a 20 m-tall Scots pine plantation situated on a sand dune and showing symptoms of stress. Single S. noctilio females were also captured in Scots pine plantations at Sites 1 and 3. Trees at Table 1. Pine species at site and attractants used to capture Sirex noctilio and native Sirex species in traps in Ontario, August – October 2005. Pine Number Species species Attractants1 captured S. noctilio Scots, red 1 5 S. edwardsii Scots, pitch 2, 4 3 S. juvencus Scots 1, 3 3 S. nigricornus Scots, red, Austrian, pitch 1, 2, 3, 4 52 1Lure codes: 1 = two 17 ml low density polyethylene (LDPE) bottles of 99% pure –pinene (– 95/+ 5), released at 120 mg/day/bottle; 2 = two 17 ml LDPE bottles of > 98% pure (–)––pinene, released at 100 mg/day/bottle; 3 = one 17 ml LDPE bottle each of –pinene and –pinene (as above); 4 = one 17 ml LDPE bottle with a blend of 70% –pinene (– 25/+ 75) and 30% (–)––pinene, released at 150 mg/day/bottle. Lures 1 to 3 produced by PheroTech Inc, Delta, British Columbia, Canada, and Lure 4 produced by Synergy Semiochemicals Corp, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 39, No. 1 [2006], Art. 5 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol39/iss1/5 2006 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST F gu re 1 . L oc at io n of S ir ex n oc til io s ur ve y si te s in s ou th er n O nt ar io in 2 00 5. S ite s 14 (s ta r) a nd o pe n ci rc le s ite s w er e pa rt o f t he ra pi d re sp on se s ur ve y; s ite s 56 w er e si te s po si tiv e fo r S . n oc til io a s fo un d th ro ug h th e E ot ic W oo d B re r a nd B ar k B et le D et ec tio n Su rv ey co ndu ct ed b y th e C na di an F oo d In sp ec tio n A en cy . 3 de Groot et al.: Discovery of Sirex Noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in On Published by ValpoScholar, 2006 2 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 39, Nos. & 2 Site 3 showed obvious signs of stress and trees at site 1 appeared quite healthy. Site 2 was an apparently healthy landscape planting of predominately red pine with fewer than 10 trees each of Austrian and Scots pine. In addition to S. noctilio, three adult female specimens of S. edwardsii Brullé, three S. juvencus (Linnaeus) and 52 S. nigricornis Fabricius, were collected from the traps (Table 1). Two voucher specimens of S. noctilio from this collection are deposited in the Great Lakes Forestry Centre Insect Collection, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Two specimens are deposited in the Centre for Plant Quarantine Pests, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, and one specimen is deposited in the Canadian National Insect Collection, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. After these collections were made, two additional locations for S. noctilio in southern Ontario (Sites 5 and 6, Fig. 1) were found through the Exotic Wood Borer and Bark Beetle Detection Survey conducted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (NAPPO 2006). The distance between site 1 (Cambridge) and site 6 (near Prescott) is about 435 km. The considerable distance between these finds in 2005 suggests that S. noctilio has probably been in Ontario for a while and is established. Detection and delimitation surveys in Ontario and Quebec in 2006 will help determine how widespread the infestation is and shed some light on its history and impact.

/pdf/discovery-of-sirex-noctilio-hymenoptera-siricidae-in-ontario-16xi7lb4mi.pdf

Discovery of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Ontario, Canada.

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Discovery of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Ontario, Canada.