A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities

Supramolecular materials, dynamic materials by nature, are defined as materials whose components are bridged via reversible connections and undergo spontaneous and continuous assembly/disassembly processes under specific conditions. On account of the dynamic and reversible nature of noncovalent interactions, supramolecular polymers have the ability to adapt to their environment and possess a wide range of intriguing properties, such as degradability, shape-memory, and self-healing, making them unique candidates for supramolecular materials. In this critical review, we address recent developments in supramolecular polymeric materials, which can respond to appropriate external stimuli at the fundamental level due to the existence of noncovalent interactions of the building blocks.

Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymeric materials.

Recent progress in shape memory polymer: New behavior, enabling materials, and mechanistic understanding

This review comprises a detailed survey of ongoing methodologies for soft actuators, highlighting approaches suitable for nanometer- to centimeter-scale robotic applications. Soft robots present a special design challenge in that their actuation and sensing mechanisms are often highly integrated with the robot body and overall functionality. When less than a centimeter, they belong to an even more special subcategory of robots or devices, in that they often lack on-board power, sensing, computation, and control. Soft, active materials are particularly well suited for this task, with a wide range of stimulants and a number of impressive examples, demonstrating large deformations, high motion complexities, and varied multifunctionality. Recent research includes both the development of new materials and composites, as well as novel implementations leveraging the unique properties of soft materials.

Soft Actuators for Small-Scale Robotics.

A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are self-adjusting, smart materials in which shape changes can be accurately controlled at specific, tailored temperatures. In this study, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is adjusted between 28 and 55 °C through synthesis of copolymers of methyl acrylate (MA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and isobornyl acrylate (IBoA). Acrylate compositions with both crosslinker densities and photoinitiator concentrations optimized at fractions of a mole percent demonstrate fully recoverable strains at 807% for a Tg of 28 °C, at 663% for a Tg of 37 °C, and at 553% for a Tg of 55 °C. A new compound, 4,4'-di(acryloyloxy)benzil (referred to hereafter as Xini) in which both polymerizable and initiating functionalities are incorporated in the same molecule, was synthesized and polymerized into acrylate shape-memory polymers, which were thermomechanically characterized yielding fully recoverable strains above 500%. The materials synthesized in this work were compared to an industry standard thermoplastic SMP, Mitsubishi's MM5510, which showed failure strains of similar magnitude, but without full shape recovery: residual strain after a single shape-memory cycle caused large-scale disfiguration. The materials in this study are intended to enable future applications where both recoverable high-strain capacity and the ability to accurately and independently position Tg are required.

High‐Strain Shape‐Memory Polymers

The use of floating-gate elements on analog circuits has increased over the last few years. Floating-gate transistors are been used for analog multiplication, memory storage, on-chip bias, offset removals, etc. Complex systems, such as imagers and filter arrays, use thousands to millions of programmable floating-gate elements. The programming speed and precision of these elements plays a major role on the performance of these systems. In this paper we present a system approach that allows for automatic rapid programming of large arrays of floating-gates. We achieve this by optimizing all the time consuming tasks involved in the programming, such as current measurements and drain pulsing among others.

Automatic rapid programming of large arrays of floating-gate elements

We present a programmable, continuous-time bandpass filter that is extremely compact, power efficient, and can cover a wide range of frequencies (10 Hz-10 MHz). This capacitively coupled current conveyor (C 4) has a second-order bandpass transfer function and is capable of being used as a basic bandpass-filter element to create high-order filters. The use of floating-gate transistors helps to ease the difficulties of effectively utilizing G m-C filters by providing precise, programmable current sources that set the filter's time constants. Additionally, we provide an algorithmic design approach for constructing these bandpass filters to meet any given specifications. This bandpass filter is ideally suited to large filter-bank applications because of its small size and low-power demands.

A Low-Power Programmable Bandpass Filter Section for Higher Order Filter Applications

This paper presents an accurate method for programming analog values into an array of floating-gate pFETs. Channel hot-electron (CHE) injection is used to program the devices and the programming algorithm is based upon a representation of the physical injection equation. The programming accuracy is dependent upon the physical parameters fitting of this equation and the algorithm updates these physical parameters to correspond with the current region of operation. The control circuits used to access each element and program the array are contained on a custom programming board which interfaces to a computer via a serial connection.

Accurate programming of analog floating-gate arrays

This paper presents a continuous-time mel-frequency cepstrum encoding IC using analog circuits and floating-gate computational arrays. We present the dynamics of several floating-gate computational building blocks and accompanying experimental measurements. We also present a novel approach to programmable signal spectrum decomposition, analog frequency transforms, and spectrum compaction. Experimental data is presented from circuits fabricated on a 0.5 /spl mu/m nwell CMOS process available through MOSIS. This system can act as the front-end for larger digital or analog speech processing systems.

Mel-frequency cepstrum encoding in analog floating-gate circuitry

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