Including spatially variable effective soil depths in TOPMODEL

– the ‘runoff area’ Sr of extent Ar comprises, on the one hand, impervious areas of fixed extent [. . .] and, on the other hand, areas of variable extent composed of permeable but about completely water-saturated terrain. The rainfall on area Sr is entirely transformed into surface or near-surface runoff; – the ‘infiltration area’ Si of extent Ai is composed of permeable, unsaturated terrain. The sandy soil forming the catchment upper layers has a very high infiltration capacity, which is greater than the intensity of all the rains falling on this catchment—except for extremely rare rainfalls. Hence, the rain falling on area Si is entirely absorbed by infiltration, except during very exceptional events, and thus produces no runoff.

Variable active versus contributing areas or periods: a necessary distinction

The need for powerful validation methods for hydrological models including the evaluation of internal stages and spatially distributed simulations has often been emphasized. In this study a multi-criterial validation scheme was used for validation of TOPMODEL, a conceptual semi-distributed rainfall–runoff model. The objective was to test TOPMODEL's capability of adequately representing dominant hydrological processes by simple conceptual approaches. Validation methods differed in the type of data used, in their target and in mode. The model was applied in the humid and mountainous Brugga catchment (40 km2) in south-west Germany. It was calibrated by a Monte Carlo method based on hourly runoff data. Additional information for validation was derived from a recession analysis, hydrograph separation with environmental tracers and from field surveys, including the mapping of saturated areas. Although runoff simulations were satisfying, inadequacies of the model structure compared with the real situation with regard to hydrological processes in the study area were found. These belong mainly to the concept of variable contributing areas for saturation excess overland flow and their dynamics, which were overestimated by the model. The simple TOPMODEL approach of two flow components was found to be insufficient. The multi-criterial validation scheme enables not only to demonstrate limitations with regard to process representation, but also to specify where and why these limitations occur. It may serve as a valuable tool for the development of physically sound model modifications. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multi‐criterial validation of TOPMODEL in a mountainous catchment

A simulation procedure has been developed for use in predetermining the expected quality of rain-rate estimates that a given weather radar system operating in a mountainous region may obtain over a given hydrologic catchment. This first application of what is referred to as the ''hydrologic visibility'' concept focuses on the quantification of the rain-rate error resulting from the effects of ground clutter, beam blockage, and the vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR). The assessment of the impact of the space-time structure of the radar error in terms of discharge at the catchment outlet is also investigated using a distributed hydrologic model. A case study is presented for the Ardeche catchment in France using the parameters of two S-band weather radars operated by Meteo-France at Nimes and Bollene. Radar rain-rate error generation and rainfall-runoff simulations are performed using VPR and areal rainfall time series representative of the Cevennes rain climatology. The major impact of ground clutter on both rainfall and runoff estimates is confirmed. The ''hydrologic compositing procedure,'' based on the selection of the elevation angle minimizing the rain-rate error at a given point, is shown to be preferable to the ''pseudo-CAPPI'' procedure based on radar-range considerations only. An almost perfect ground-clutter reduction (GCR) technique is simulated in order to assess the effects of beam blockage and VPR alone. These error sources lead to severe and slight rain underestimations for the Nimes and Bollene radars, respectively, over the Ardeche catchment. The results, indicating an amplification of the errors on the discharge parameters (peak discharge, runoff volume) compared to the areal rainfall error, are of particular interest. They emphasize the need for refined corrections for ground clutter, beam blockage, and VPR effects, in addition to the optimization of the radar location and scanning strategy, if hydrologic applications are foreseen.

Hydrologic Visibility of Weather Radar Systems Operating in Mountainous Regions: Case Study for the Ardèche Catchment (France)

Runoff generation processes in a small Mediterranean research catchment (Vallcebre, Eastern Pyrenees)

/pdf/etude-des-lois-de-l-ecoulement-application-au-calcul-et-a-la-4bkj8ow4ks.pdf

Étude des lois de l'écoulement - application au calcul et à la prévision des débits

Répartition moyenne et variabilité de la répartition des précipitations sur le bassin expérimental d Àlrance (3,1 km%). Précision de la mesure de la moyenne des précipitations sur ce bassin. — Application au choix des emplacements des pluviomètres sur ce bassin ou sur des terrains analogues. Mean distribution and variability of the distribution of rainfall on the Àlrance (3.1 km2) expérimental basin. Accuracy of measurement of the average rainfall on the basin. Application to the choice of siting for the rain gauges on this basin or on similar landscapes.

/pdf/repartition-des-precipitations-de-faible-superficie-sur-un-1ca0eu6z33.pdf

Répartition des précipitations de faible superficie sur un bassin versant

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Étude des lois de l'écoulement - application au calcul et à la prévision des débits

Répartition des précipitations de faible superficie sur un bassin versant