Nature And Properties Of Soils

Nowadays the use of nanotechnology has increased in different areas of science as well as agriculture. Different nanoparticles (NPs) have been tested in different crops. It has been shown that these can induce positive morphological and biochemical responses that directly impact the ability of plants to tolerate stress. NPs can activate the defense system of plants, through the formation of reactive oxygen species. This defense system includes the production and accumulation of various antioxidant compounds, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. These compounds participate in tolerance to damage caused by oxidative stress. Since abiotic stress induces oxidative stress from the production of reactive oxygen species, it is possible to reduce these damages from the production of different antioxidant compounds. Finally, all changes showed in plants are mediated by changes in gene and proteomic expression, resulting in tolerance to abiotic stress. This chapter presents the most recent information about the use of NPs to increase tolerance to abiotic stress in different crops.

Nanoparticles in plants: morphophysiological, biochemical, and molecular responses

While the world's population is growing exponentially, there is an alarming increase in the need for food, which might reach a record nine billion people by 2050. In order to address the issue of rising food demand, a number of initiatives are being put into place to boost crop output and safeguard them against agricultural pests. The growing population pressures agricultural civilization to develop fresh strategies for boosting crop output. For nations all across the world, the issue of poverty and malnutrition has grown to be of great concern. Progress in the agricultural sector, which provides the raw materials for the food and feed industries, is crucial for both economic development and population expansion. With economic development, the soil nutrient balances are differed. Soil fertility is important in developing countries for assisting the economy and agriculture. There is a high demand in the twenty-first century for efficient, reliable, and cost-effective systems for detecting, supplying, monitoring, and diagnosing biological host molecules and nutrients. Traditional farming methods are incapable of keeping up with the rate at which food needs are increasing, so we must rely on and incorporate nanotechnology in agriculture and related sectors. In modern agriculture, increasing agricultural productivity is impossible without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; however, the majority of agrochemicals are not eco-friendly and are thus harmful to human health. Nanotechnology is a novel technique for improved and sustainable agricultural production and also harbours a good capacity to bring novel alterations in the agricultural systems. Nanotechnology introduces new technologies and materials for use in molecular biology for the identification of plant pathogenic microorganisms. By bringing novel methods for distributing nutrients through nano fertilizers, specialized pathogen-targeted treatment, and boosting plant pest-resistance, nanotechnology has the potential to change the agricultural industry. Moreover, it can increase plants' ability to absorb nutrients and to endure environmental stresses. The fertility of the soil is a key factor in helping the economy and agriculture in developing nations. The benefits of strategies using nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture are covered here.

/pdf/nano-fertilizer-in-crop-production-the-changing-scenario-ejal14qq.pdf

Nano Fertilizer in Crop Production: The Changing Scenario

A field experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at Agriculture Research Station, Agriculture University, Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan, to study the effect of phosphorus, liquid biofertilizer and growth-regulator on growth, yield and quality of summer mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot design with 4 phosphorus levels (P0 , P20, P30 and P40), biophos liquid fertilizer (without and with seed inoculation) in main plot and 3 salicylic acid (SA) levels (control, 75 and 100 ppm SA) in subplot at pre-flowering and poddevelopment stage, and replicated 3 times. The phosphorus level P30 being at par with P40 recorded significantly higher yield attributes of mungbean, viz. pod length, clusters/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, pod weight, test weight, seed (1,132 kg/ha), stover (1,988 kg/ha) and biological (3,120 kg/ha) yields as compared to the control and P20. Seed inoculation with biophos resulted in significantly higher yield attributes, seed (1,056 kg/ha), stover (1,850 kg/ ha) and biological (2,907 kg/ha) yields as compared to no-inoculation. Spray of 75 ppm SA, being at par with 100 ppm SA, recorded significantly higher yield attributes, seed (1,031 kg/ha), stover (1,806 kg/ha) and biological (2,838 kg/ha) yields as compared to control. 

Response of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata) to phosphorus levels, biophos liquid biofertilizer and growth-regulator

The utilization of agricultural waste is of great concern to all and a challenging research area that needs special attention from the scientific community. The present study was carried out to synthesize the biochar-based nanoscale phosphorous and evaluate its effect on the growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) under a pot culture experiment. Nano phosphorus particles were prepared using Stevia leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Biochar-based phosphorus (BBP) and biochar-based nano phosphorus (BBNP) were prepared by loading the respective chemicals. Transmission electron microscopic micrographs showed relatively spherical-shaped particles with a size less than 100 nm. BBP and BBNP were tested in 26 different combinations with the recommended dose of phosphorus on the growth and yield components of groundnut. Among all treatments, 100% RDP+ soil application BBNPF @ 4 kg ha-1 and 100% RDP+ soil application BBPF @ 10 kg ha-1 showed significant plant growth, nutrient uptake, and yield. Thus, biochar-based nanoscale phosphorous significantly influences the growth, uptake, and yield of groundnut. The present study paves the way to utilize the biochar in developing nanotechnology-based fertilizers for soil application.

Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar Based Nanoscale Phosphorus and its Effect on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Leguminous crops suffer severely in soils poor in phosphorus. The experiment was conducted in college form college of agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to explore the effect of Bio and Nano P fertilizer (soil application of bio and nano P @65 kg ha-1and foliar application of bio Phosphorus @2 and 4ml l-1 and nano Phosphorus @1 and 2ml l-1respectively) in terms of yield and yield attributes and quality of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L). DAP was applied as basal dose,while bio and nano phosphorus was applied according to the treatments.Concerning the main effects, bio phosphorus proved superior or equivalent to nano phosphorus gave the greatest values for yield and yield parameters.

https://environcj.in/wp-content/uploads/issues/2017/3/ECJ-21-26.pdf

Effect of bio and nano phosphorus on yield, yield attributes and oil content of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea. l)

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Effect of bio and nano phosphorus on yield, yield attributes and oil content of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea. l)