ALICE is the heavy-ion experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The experiment continuously took data during the first physics campaign of the machine from fall 2009 until early 2013, using proton and lead-ion beams. In this paper we describe the running environment and the data handling procedures, and discuss the performance of the ALICE detectors and analysis methods for various physics observables.

/pdf/performance-of-the-alice-experiment-at-the-cern-lhc-3v531yoy85.pdf

Performance of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC

Processing the signals from solid-state detectors in elementary-particle physics

In this paper, we report on the investigation of silicon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for high-energy photon imaging applications. This includes a new APD design that provides X-ray and /spl gamma/-ray imaging with significant reduction in electronic readout requirements. This new APD design, referred to as position-sensitive avalanche photodiode (PSAPD), involves charge sharing amongst the electrodes that enable determination of position of interaction. PSAPDs with 14 /spl times/ 14 mm/sup 2/ area have been fabricated using planar processing. The performance of these devices has been evaluated for energy resolution, timing resolution (4 ns full-width at half-maximum), and spatial resolution (/spl sim/300 /spl mu/m intrinsic spatial resolution). The potential of these APDs in high-energy physics and medical imaging is addressed.

Position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes for gamma-ray imaging

With the increasing bandwidth requirement in computing and signal processing, the inherent limitations in metallic interconnection are seriously threatening the future of traditional IC industry. Silicon photonics can provide a low-cost approach to overcome the bottleneck of the high data rate transmission by replacing the original electronic integrated circuits with photonic integrated circuits. Although the commercial promise has not been realized, this perspective gives huge impetus to the development of silicon photonics these years. This paper provides an overview of the progress and the state of the art of each component in silicon photonics, including waveguides, filters, modulators, detectors, and lasers, mainly in the last five years.

/pdf/recent-progress-in-silicon-photonics-a-review-1fpeyiue40.pdf

Recent Progress in Silicon Photonics: A Review

In this paper, investigation of position sensitive avalanche photodiodes (PSAPDs) as optical detectors for reading out segmented scintillation arrays of LSO in high resolution PET modules is reported. PSAPDs with 8/spl times/8 mm/sup 2/ and 14/spl times/14 mm/sup 2/ area have been characterized with single LSO crystals and arrays. Energy resolution of 19% (FWHM) for 511 keV /spl gamma/-rays and coincidence timing resolution of /spl sim/3 ns (FWHM) have been recorded with PSAPD coupled to 1/spl times/1/spl times/20 mm/sup 3/ LSO detectors. Flood histogram studies have been successfully conducted by coupling multi-element element LSO arrays (1 mm pixels, 20 mm tall) to the PSAPDs. Finally, depth of interaction (DOI) resolution of <4.5 mm (FWHM) has been measured by coupling two PSAPDs on opposite ends of a 20 mm long LSO crystal with a 1/spl times/1 mm/sup 2/ cross section. Based on these results, PSAPDs appear to be promising for high resolution PET. An important advantage of these PSAPDs is significant reduction in electronic readout requirements.

/pdf/position-sensitive-apds-for-small-animal-pet-imaging-2va9p6lsjp.pdf

Position sensitive APDs for small animal PET imaging

Photodiodes coupled to scintillators are more and more used for gamma camera applications in order to improve the efficiency at higher energies. However the coupling of photodiode arrays become difficult when the pixel number is large because of the complicated front and backside connections with read-out electronics. Canberra has developed a photodiode array structure that allows all electrical connections to be taken on one side, while the light entrance side can be directly glued on the scintillator. Using such a photodiode array, the dimensions of the scintillator can be the same as the silicon chip and near 100% of the area will detect light. Furthermore, an array of photodiodes coupled to scintillators can be built without any dead gap in between. To improve the quantum efficiency of the photodiodes, we had to develop a thin ohmic entrance window covered by an anti-reflective coating. A quantum efficiency of more than 80% at 565 nm was achieved. r 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A novel photodiode array structure for gamma camera applications

The silicon chip is mounted on a ceramic substrate and connected to the preamplifiers via kapton foils. A test bench is constructed, which enables measurement of reverse current and capacitance of all strips simultaneously.

/pdf/development-of-hardware-around-a-silicon-microstrip-detector-4gkica1x4p.pdf

Development of hardware around a silicon microstrip detector with 512 elements

The new generation of elementary particle and nuclear physics experiments demand instrumentation with a more precise spatial resolution and a better and faster energy response. Nuclear physics and space experiments need position sensitive pad detectors having very thin entrance windows while high energy physics and medical applications use fast microstrip or drift detectors. Silicon pixel detectors can be improved by implementing integrated electronics on it. They allow a better X-ray energy resolution and are also used in hybrid photocathode tubes for faster timing and larger dynamic range.

http://teller.dnp.fmph.uniba.sk/~sivacek/mrtve%20vrstvy%20-%20clanky/detektor/PosDet.pdf

New generations of position sensitive silicon detectors

A large area SDD detector having linear anodes surrounded by steering electrodes and having an oblong, circular, hexagonal, or rectangular shape. The detectors feature stop rings having a junction on the irradiation side and an ohmic contact on the anode side and/or irradiation side. The irradiation and anode stop ring biasing configuration influences the leakage current flowing to the anode and, hence, the overall efficiency of the active area of the detector. A gettering process is also described for creation of the disclosed SDD detectors. The SDD detector may utilize a segmented configuration having multiple anode segments and kick electrodes for reduction of the detector's surface electric field. In another embodiment, a number of strip-like anodes are linked together to form an interdigitated SDD detector for use with neutron detection. Further described is a wraparound structure for use with Ge detectors to minimize capacitance.

Simplified silicon drift detector and wraparound neutron detector

The work is aimed at developing an in vivo spectroscopy system for radiation protection monitoring to improve the lung detection of 239Pu and 241Am. Silicon components have been investigated for high-resolution spectroscopy (2 keV) at room temperature to measure 59.5 keV 241Am gamma rays. The requirements and constraints of such device are reviewed. The work is focused on analog electronics and detector development. As a first step, multi-channel electronic circuits based on a low-noise charge-sensitive preamplifier have been built by carrying the FETs and feedback capacitances close to the strips. The performance is presented for a large-area strip silicon detector (3 × 3 cm2). Measurements are compared with simulations and discussed with respect to application requirements.

Discrete analog electronics for high-resistivity silicon detectors used for X-ray and γ-ray spectroscopy in whole-body monitoring

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