Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the principal contributions addressing three spheres related to migration: theory, empirical evidence and policy experience, focusing on the more recent literature. The chapter discusses the causes of migration-earnings opportunities and job search, information and financing, family strategies and the contextual setting, and displaced persons; and the economic consequences of internal migration—the direct and indirect effects of rural emigration on rural production, the overall effects on national product in the light of various market pathologies, and the consequences for income inequality. The understanding of factors determining the urban component of those earnings differentials remains poor. Efficiency wage stories now dominate the world of theory, but little evidence has been compiled either in favor of or in contradiction of these ideas. But, there are major policy areas, touching more or less directly upon migration, where almost no systematic empirical knowledge has yet been amassed.

Chapter 13 Internal migration in developing countries

Traduction basee sur Social change and internal migration : a review of research findings from Africa, Asia and Latin America (IDRC-TS6e)

Évolution sociale et migration interne en Afrique : rapport du Groupe de travail sur la migration

The sporadic application of ‘slum clearance’ programmes served only to exacerbate the already intransigent problem of urban housing shortage, as the example of Lagos has demonstrated. The continued application of Western assumptions in urban development (whereas they have since been modified in those countries) has inhibited a reassessment of issues in the Nigerian context. Some of the issues at stake have been considered in this paper. Conventional Western concepts have not only proved inappropriate to the realities of rapid urban growth and limited resources in Nigeria and most of tropical Africa, but have intensified the problems still further. In the context of Maroko slum clearance exercise as contained in this paper, they must be seen as an unsuccessful attempt to control rather than resolve the housing problems of the urban poor. I terms of planning five procedural steps are necessary to be followed to accomplish a desirable urban renewal exercise for the community. They are (1) to acquire land in accordance with the plan, consisting of purchase of land and the structures on it. (2) Relocation of residents from the acquired buildings into satisfactory quarters. The relocation exercise must be made not only mandatory on the government (local or state) undertaking renewal but made a legal requirement. (3) Site clearance — the razing of the structures on the land may be carried out only after the quality of such structures have been determined. This exercise also assumes that a process of data collection and analysis have been accomplished (social and physical). (4) Site improvements and supporting facilities and services are undertaken by the agency. Site improvements include streets, sewers, lightiing etc. Others may include parks, play ground, schools etc. (5) Land may be built upon by agency or sold to original owners if compensations have been paid. They may also be given back to owners with loans to rebuild either through self-help or cooperative venture. Amortization and interest on such loans should be made generous for the poor. Since demolition of housing must precede new construction in the project area, the existing stock of housing is decreased, forcing the displacees to seek shelter in the remaining housing in the city or erect squatter housing. This is especially likely at the low-quality end of the housing market, since the greatest reduction in the housing stock occurs there. The condition may remain depending on government’s degree of responsiveness. Perhaps the only way to avoid the problem of a reduced housing stock in any urban renewal project, thus curbing the incidence of the spiral process of slums among the poor, as the Maroko example has demonstrated in Lagos, is by building new dwelling units for relocatees before demolishing their present homes. Such policy would merge with general attempts to relocate the poor in suburbs, seeking a reduction in the concentrations of poverty in central cities of Nigeria.

Recent slum clearance exercise in Lagos (Nigeria): victims or beneficiaries?

In this thesis, I try to bridge a gap in literature in terms of the Iranian migrant women's invisibility. The study, which is based on fieldwork, investigates the impact of rural-urban migration on the socio-economic conditions of migrant women in Tabriz and maps them in.,.. different sectors of the formal and informal economy. Women's responses to two main sets of questions shape the structure of this thesis. I use the empirical information to test feminist hypothesis that female migration and their contribution to household economy are key variables in liberating and empowering women's status within the family and society. My findings reveal that for many older poor women, due to class and gender inequalities as -; well as traditional gender ideologies, migration has not improved their economic and social situation. Most of them work in the invisible sector of the economy, and some who manage to work outside the home, do so out of necessity. Migration has mostly benefited younger generation of migrant women. Contrary to expectations, the gender policies of the Islamic state in terms of veil and segregation has created a sense of security for both parents and girls. Since contact with the outside world has been regulated by the accepted traditional gender ideologies and therefore less threatening to family honour, there has been a change in the patterns of female migration. This is particularly the case among younger women who pursue higher levels of schooling or employment in the city. It seems that socio-political transformation has brought some opportunities for younger women, who are resourceful in responding to these changes within a social and cultural context. They adjust themselves to the available opportunities and negotiate and challenge the cultural constraints to promote their interests in the family and society. However, there is a long way to go for many young migrant women.

Female rural-urban migration of Azari women in Iran : the case study of Tabriz

Determinants of Migration: A Case Study of Nang Rong, Thailand

Results from surveys of migrants and nonmigrants in rural and urban areas indicate that: (1) young adults have the greatest propensity to migrate; (2) migratory stages proceed from a predominance of male migrants through family migrants to female migrants: (3) persons at very high and very low educational levels migrate; (4) people migrate to be near high - wage jobs, social services, and infrastructural opportunities; (5) intermigration fosters economic growth by breaking down traditional values and replacing them with modern ideas; (6) rural - urban migration continues until expected urban real income equals expected rural real income; (7) migration is a function of relative differentials of skilled to unskilled income per capita and of the quality and availability of educational facilities; (8) distance is a deterrent to rural - urban migration; (9) nonmonetary reasons for migration include improved status, proximity to other family members or friends, marriage opportunities, entertainment facilities, physical security, and climate; and (10) agricultural policy decisions can affect the volume of rural - urban migration. Numerous references.

Migration to urban areas

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Migration to urban areas