The search for free parking places is a promising application for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In order to guide drivers to a free parking place at their destination, it is necessary to estimate the occupancy state of the parking lots within the destination area at time of arrival. In this paper, we present a model to predict parking lot occupancy based on information exchanged among vehicles. In particular, our model takes the age of received parking lot information and the time needed to arrive at a certain parking lot into account and estimates the future parking situation at time of arrival. It is based on queueing theory and uses a continuous-time homogeneous Markov model. We have evaluated the model in a simulation study based on a detailed model of the city of Brunswick, Germany.

Predicting Parking Lot Occupancy in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

By exchanging events in a vehicular ad hoc network, drivers can receive interesting information while driving. For example, they can be informed of available parking spaces in their vicinity. Obviously, a suitable protocol is needed to disseminate the events efficiently within the area where they are relevant. Moreover, in such a competitive context where each vehicle may be interested in the resource, it is crucial not to broadcast that resource to each driver in the vicinity. Otherwise, those drivers would waste time trying to reach a parking space and only one of them would be satisfied, which would lead to a poor satisfaction in the system.To solve this problem, we detail in this paper a reservation protocol that efficiently allocates parking spaces in vehicular ad hoc networks and avoids the competition among the vehicles. We have integrated our protocol within VESPA, a system designed for vehicles to share information in VANETs.

A cooperative reservation protocol for parking spaces in vehicular ad hoc networks

By exchanging events in a vehicular ad hoc network VANET, drivers can receive interesting information while driving. For example, they can be informed of available parking spaces in their vicinity. A suitable protocol is needed to disseminate the events efficiently within the area where they are relevant. Moreover, in such a competitive context where each vehicle may be interested in a resource, it is crucial not to communicate that resource to each driver in the vicinity. Otherwise, those drivers would waste time trying to reach a parking space and only one of them would be fulfilled, which would lead to a poor satisfaction in the system. To solve this problem, we detail in this paper a reservation protocol that efficiently allocates parking spaces in vehicular ad hoc networks and avoids the competition among the vehicles. We have integrated our protocol within VESPA, a system that we have designed for vehicles to share information in VANETs. An experimental evaluation is provided, which proves the usefulness and benefits of our reservation protocol in both parking lots and urban scenarios. Besides, we present an in-depth study of the state of the art on this topic, that shows the interest and the originality of our approach.

/pdf/sharing-with-caution-managing-parking-spaces-in-vehicular-2ve56xhq1q.pdf

Sharing with caution: Managing parking spaces in vehicular networks

The lack of reliable information about the occupancy of on-street parking places in the inner districts of large cities causes an unnecessarily high amount of parking search traffic. Previous attempts to solve the problem rely on accurate information systems that navigate drivers to the next available parking space. They have failed due to high costs for roadside sensors and are also controversial, because they indirectly support car use. A service that informs road users early about the situation at the destination would support a shift towards public transport modes and reduce parking search traffic particularly at times of unexpectedly high parking pressure. The real-time occupancy model presented in this article does not aim to indicate the occupancy of single parking lots, but to provide a sufficiently accurate description and reliable prediction of the occupancy at the destination. Three existing real-time indicators were tested for their predictive power: (i) location data of mobile-phone parking; (ii) counts of car parks in the vicinity; and (iii) traffic flow volumes. Experimental results indicated that models using mobile-phone parking data have the potential to improve predictions of the occupancy rate by detecting exceptional deviations from the average day curve.

/pdf/development-of-a-real-time-model-of-the-occupancy-of-short-2tywx68j6u.pdf

Development of a Real-Time Model of the Occupancy of Short-Term Parking Zones

Vehicular Communication Networks and Systems (VCNS) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are one of the most attractive and challenging topics in recent days since a well efficient protocol for vehicular communication can facilitate the reduction of traffic congestion and can provide us with many more promising applications. In this paper, we propose a protocol for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. As one of the challenging parts of this paper, we present an experimental testbed in which two major applications of V2I & V2V communication (i.e. traffic congestion detection and emergency warning) is implemented. Based on careful analysis, we also calculate some key system parameters which reflect the efficiency of the protocol in different applications.

Vehicular communication: protocol design, testbed implementation and performance analysis

Locating a suitable parking spot is a common challenge faced by millions of city- dwellers every day. As common is the revenue generation by fee and fine collection in these municipalities. Wireless ad hoc networking technologies oer a new and ecient means to both simplify the process of parking and find collection as well as extending the convenience for drivers. In this paper we describe a multi-hop wireless parking meter network (PMNET) that, when coupled with a GPS receiver, allows a user (driver) to quickly locate and navigate to an available parking space. Our solution is achieved by equipping existing parking meters with wireless radio frequency (RF) transceivers and auxiliary hardware and software. We believe that this is a compelling application that applies wireless ad hoc networking and low- power, short range RF technologies. The attractiveness of the proposal stems from the fact that such a network of nodes can function without any fixed wired or wireless infrastructure such as cellular or satellite networks. In this work, we model a PMNET as a special class of ad hoc networks characterized by a combination of static, immobile nodes (parking meters) and mobile nodes (vehicles). We propose scalable techniques for satisfying a mobile user's query in a distributed fashion.

/pdf/wireless-ad-hoc-discovery-of-parking-meters-1-3y6slwgn0n.pdf

Wireless Ad Hoc Discovery of Parking Meters 1

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Wireless Ad Hoc Discovery of Parking Meters 1