Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based materials are widely considered as promising candidates of polymer hosts in solid-state electrolytes for high energy density secondary lithium batteries. They have several specific advantages such as high safety, easy fabrication, low cost, high energy density, good electrochemical stability, and excellent compatibility with lithium salts. However, the typical linear PEO does not meet the production requirement because of its insufficient ionic conductivity due to the high crystallinity of the ethylene oxide (EO) chains, which can restrain the ionic transition due to the stiff structure especially at low temperature. Scientists have explored different approaches to reduce the crystallinity and hence to improve the ionic conductivity of PEO-based electrolytes, including blending, modifying and making PEO derivatives. This review is focused on surveying the recent developments and issues concerning PEO-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.

Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

Advances in polymer science have led to the development of novel drug delivery systems. Some polymers are obtained from natural resources and then chemically modified for various applications, while others are chemically synthesized and used. A large number of natural and synthetic polymers are available. In the present paper, only water soluble polymers are described. They have been explained in two categories (1) synthetic and (2) natural. Drug polymer conjugates, block copolymers, hydrogels and other water soluble drug polymer complexes have also been explained. The general properties and applications of different water soluble polymers in the formulation of different dosage forms, novel delivery systems and biomedical applications will be discussed.

Water Soluble Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications

Slowly polymerizing hydrogels are provided which are useful as a means of delivering large numbers of isolated cells via injection. The gels promote engraftment and provide three dimensional templates for new cell growth. The resulting tissue is similar in composition and histology to naturally occurring tissue. This method can be used for a variety of reconstructive procedures, including custom molding of cell implants to reconstruct three dimensional tissue defects, as well as implantation of tissues generally. The polymers permit construction of muscle and cartilage tissues which are useful to repair defects such as reflux and incontinence.

Injectable hydrogel compositions

A cell-scaffold composition is prepared in vitro for implanting to produce functional organ tissue in vivo. The scaffold is three-dimensional and is composed of hollow or solid fibers of a biocompatible, synthetic polymer which is biodegradable or non-biodegradable. The fibers of the scaffold may have a branched configuration extending outwardly from a central stem. Fibers of the scaffold are spaced apart such that the maximum distance over which diffusion of nutrients and gases must occur through a mass of cells attached to the fibers is between 200 and 300 microns. The diffusion provides free exchange of nutrients, gases and waste to and from cells proliferating throughout the scaffold in an amount effective to maintain cell viability throughout the scaffold in the absence of vascularization. Cells derived from vascularized organ tissue are attached in vitro to the surface of the fibers uniformly throughout the scaffold in an amount effective to produce functional vascularized organ tissue in vivo, the cells are grown on the scaffold in a nutrient solution in vitro to form the cell-scaffold composition which is implanted in a host at a location having adequate vascularization to allow growth of blood vessels into the cell-scaffold composition. Growth factors, compounds stimulating angiogenesis and immunomodulators may be provided in the cell-scaffold composition and the fibers may have a coating to enhance cell attachment. Combinations of cell-scaffold compositions containing different cell populations may be implanted.

Three-dimensional fibrous scaffold containing attached cells for producing vascularized tissue in vivo

A cell-polymeric solution is injected into an animal where the polymer crosslinks to form a polymeric hydrogel containing dispersed cells and the cells form new tissue in the animal. The polymer is biodegradable and is a natural polymer such as alginate or a synthetic polymer. The cells are chondrocytes, osteoblasts, muscle cells, fibroblasts or cells acting primarily to synthesize, secret or metabolize materials. Crosslinking of the polymer results from using cations or anions, altering the pH or changing the temperature. A polyion such as polyethyleneimine or polylysine can be added before injection to stabilize the polymeric hydrogel. A kit for tissue formation is provided by combining the cell-polymeric solution with a means for injecting the solution into an animal.

Tissue formation by injecting a cell-polymeric solution that gels in vivo

Complex formation, conductivity and lithium ion transport in polyphosphazene-based solid electrolytes.

: Poly(organophosphazenes) have been synthesized with alkyl-ether-alkoxy groups attached to the phosphorus atoms of the skeleton. These species are water-stable and either water-soluble or hydrophilic polymers. Specific members of this series form complexes with metal salts, which are excellent solid electrolyte materials. Mixed substituent polymers with hydrophobic trifluoroethoxy and alkyl-ether alkoxy side groups have also been prepared and these are of interest as membranes and biomedical materials. (Author)

Polyphosphazenes with etheric side groups: prospective biomedical and solid electrolyte polymers

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Complex formation, conductivity and lithium ion transport in polyphosphazene-based solid electrolytes.

Polyphosphazenes with etheric side groups: prospective biomedical and solid electrolyte polymers