This paper discusses reconstruction of three-dimensional surfaces from multiple bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Techniques for surface reconstruction from multiple monostatic SAR images already exist, including interferometric processing and stereo SAR. We generalize these methods to obtain algorithms for bistatic interferometric SAR and bistatic stereo SAR. We also propose a framework for predicting the performance of our multistatic stereo SAR algorithm, and, from this framework, we suggest a metric for use in planning strategic deployment of multistatic assets.

/pdf/three-dimensional-surface-reconstruction-from-multistatic-1nwvkq4c2h.pdf

Three-dimensional surface reconstruction from multistatic SAR images

This paper discusses reconstruction of three-dimensional surfaces from multiple bistatic SAR images. Techniques for surface reconstruction from multiple monostatic SAR images already exist, including stereo SAR and interferometric processing. We generalize these methods to obtain algorithms for bistatic stereo SAR and bistatic interferometric SAR. We also propose a framework for predicting the performance of our multistatic stereo SAR algorithm, and from this framework, we suggest a metric for use in planning strategic deployment of multistatic assets.

Coherent cross-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) stereo is shown to produce high-resolution three-dimensional maps of the Earth surface. This mode utilizes image pairs with common synthetic apertures but different squint angles allowing automated stereo correspondence and disparity estimation using complex correlation calculations. This paper presents two Ku-band, coherent cross-track stereo collects over rolling and rugged terrain. The first collect generates a digital elevation map (DEM) with 1-m posts over rolling terrain using complex SAR imagery with spatial resolution of 0.125 m and a stereo convergence angle of 13.8/spl deg/. The second collect produces multiple DEMs with 3-m posts over rugged terrain utilizing complex SAR imagery with spatial resolutions better than 0.5 m and stereo convergence angles greater than 40/spl deg/. The resulting DEMs are compared to ground-truth DEMs and relative height root-mean-square, linear error 90-percent confidence, and maximum height error are reported.

Terrain elevation mapping results from airborne spotlight-mode coherent cross-track SAR stereo

Terrain elevation mapping results from airborne spotlight-mode coherent cross-track SAR stereo.

An analysis of 3-D SAR image formation under the challenging condition of single pass sampling in the elevation
dimension is presented. The analysis is operationally relevant as it is often not possible for a radar platform to collect
radar data at sufficient grazing angles to satisfy the Nyquist sampling criterion.
It is found that these sampling issues can partly be overcome through the use of non-linear radar platform trajectories. In
conventional 2-D SAR imaging this approach can be viewed as detrimental, as the image depth of focus is reduced,
however for 3-D imaging a reduced depth of focus has been found to be advantageous.
The approach however, comes at the cost of resultant unusual image point spread functions, with coarser resolution in
the vertical dimension. It is possible to obtain a wide range of point spread functions as a function of collection
parameters including range, the form of the non-linear radar platform trajectories and centre frequency. This work
explores this parameter space to find advantageous radar collection geometries.
The image point spread functions are difficult to characterise analytically and so a numerical approach is undertaken.

An analysis of 3D SAR from single pass nonlinear radar platform trajectories

We describe a new method for creating three-dimensional images using pairs of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images obtained from a unique collection geometry. This collection mode involves synthetic apertures that have a common center. In this sense the illumination directions for the two SAR images are the same, while the slant planes are at different spatial orientations. The slant plane orientations give rise to cross-range layover (fore-shortening) components in the two images that are of equal magnitude but opposite directions. This differential cross-range layover is therefore proportional to the elevation of a given target, which is completely analogous to the situation in stereo optical imaging, wherein two film planes (corresponding to the two slant planes) result in elevation-dependent parallax. Because the two SAR collections are coherent in this particular collection mode, the images have the same speckle patterns throughout. As a result the images may be placed into stereo correspondence via calculation of correlations between micro-patches of the complex image data. The resulting computed digital stereo elevation map can be quite accurate. Alternatively, an analog anaglyph can be displayed for 3-D viewing, avoiding the necessity of the stereo correspondence calculation.

/pdf/three-dimensional-sar-imaging-using-cross-track-coherent-i4i6gp3bxu.pdf

Three-dimensional SAR imaging using cross-track coherent stereo collections

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Three-dimensional SAR imaging using cross-track coherent stereo collections