http://rabbit.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2005/s_108.pdf

Role of nitric oxide, nitroxidative and oxidative stress in wound healing.

For this literature review of pit and fissure sealant, 1,465 references were selected by a search for "sealants" on PubMed. References were limited to dental journals and papers in the English language. The search comprised papers from 1971 to October 2001. Additional papers of historical significance prior to 1971 were added from memory and from reference lists published in early papers. This paper reviewed the literature on pit and fissure sealants under the following subheadings: (1) laboratory studies, (2) clinical technique and tooth preparation, (3) etching time, (4) auxiliary application of pit and fissure sealant, (5) retention and caries prevention, (6) fluoride used with sealants and fluoride-containing sealant, (7) glass ionomer materials as sealants, (8) options in sealant: filled vs unfilled; colored vs clear; autocure vs light-initiated, (9) sealant placed over caries in a therapeutic manner, (10) cost effectiveness of sealant application, (11) underuse of pit and fissure sealant, (12) the estrogenicity issue, (13) use of an intermediate bonding layer to improve retention, (14) new developments and projections, and (15) summary and conclusions. From a careful and thorough review of peer-reviewed publications on pit and fissure sealant, it is clear that sealants are safe, effective and underused (at least underused in the United States). Pit and fissure sealant is best applied to high-risk populations by trained auxiliaries using sealant that incorporates the benefit of an intermediate bonding layer, applied under the rubber dam or with some alternative short-term, but effective, isolation technique, onto an enamel surface that has been cleaned with an air polishing technique and etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds. The dental profession awaits with enthusiasm, and some impatience, the incorporation of dentin-bonding technology into the development of a modern, more durable, resin-based sealant.

Pit and fissure sealant: review of the literature.

Marine resources are well recognized for their biologically active substances with great potential applications in the cosmeceutical industry. Among the different compounds with a marine origin, chitin and its deacetylated derivative—chitosan—are of great interest to the cosmeceutical industry due to their unique biological and technological properties. In this review, we explore the different functional roles of chitosan as a skin care and hair care ingredient, as an oral hygiene agent and as a carrier for active compounds, among others. The importance of the physico-chemical properties of the polymer in its use in cosmetics are particularly highlighted. Moreover, we analyse the market perspectives of this polymer and the presence in the market of chitosan-based products.

Cosmetics and Cosmeceutical Applications of Chitin, Chitosan and Their Derivatives

Objective Clinical gingival inflammation is a well-defined site-specific condition for which several measurement systems have been proposed and validated, and epidemiological studies consistently indicate its high prevalence globally. However, it is clear that defining and grading a gingival inflammatory condition at a site level (i.e. a "gingivitis site") is completely different from defining and grading a "gingivitis case" (GC) (i.e. a patient affected by gingivitis), and that a "gingivitis site" does not necessarily mean a "GC". The purpose of the present review is to summarize the evidence on clinical, biochemical, microbiologic, genetic markers as well as symptoms associated with plaque-induced gingivitis and to propose a set of criteria to define GC. Importance A universally accepted case definition for gingivitis would provide the necessary information to enable oral health professionals to assess the effectiveness of their prevention strategies and treatment regimens; help set priorities for therapeutic actions/programs by health care providers; and undertake surveillance. Findings Based on available methods to assess gingival inflammation, GC could be simply, objectively and accurately identified and graded using bleeding on probing score (BOP%) CONCLUSIONS: A patient with intact periodontium would be diagnosed as a GC according to a BOP score ≥ 10%, further classified as localized (BOP score ≥ 10% and ≤30%) or generalized (BOP score > 30%). The proposed classification may also apply to patients with a reduced periodontium, where a GC would characterize a patient with attachment loss and BOP score ≥ 10%, but without BOP in any site probing ≥4 mm in depth.

https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/JPER.17-0576

Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations.

The aim of this systematic review was to appraise the diagnostic accuracy of signs/symptoms and tests used to determine the condition of the pulp in teeth affected by deep caries, trauma or other types of injury. Radiographic methods were not included. The electronic literature search included the databases PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Reviews from January 1950 to June 2011. The complete search strategy is given in an Appendix S1 (available online as Supporting Information). In addition, hand searches were made. Two reviewers independently assessed abstracts and full-text articles. An article was read in full text if at least one of the two reviewers considered an abstract to be potentially relevant. Altogether, 155 articles were read in full text. Of these, 18 studies fulfilled pre-specified inclusion criteria. The quality of included articles was assessed using the QUADAS tool. Based on studies of high or moderate quality, the quality of evidence of each diagnostic method/test was rated in four levels according to GRADE. No study reached high quality; two were of moderate quality. The overall evidence was insufficient to assess the value of toothache or abnormal reaction to heat/cold stimulation for determining the pulp condition. The same applies to methods for establishing pulp status, including electric or thermal pulp testing, or methods for measuring pulpal blood circulation. In general, there are major shortcomings in the design, conduct and reporting of studies in this domain of dental research.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02016.x

Diagnosis of the condition of the dental pulp: a systematic review

Summary.  Aim.  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the physicochemical properties of saliva such as flow rate, buffering capacity, pH, calcium level, total protein, total antioxidant status, and dental caries, age, and gender.



Material and methods.  The antioxidant activity of saliva was investigated in 80 healthy children aged 7–15 years. They were divided into subgroups according to gender, age (7–10 years and 11–15 years), and caries activity (caries active = CA and caries free = CF). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all groups. Flow rates were determined, and samples analysed for pH, buffer capacity, calcium, total proteins, and total antioxidant status. Salivary total antioxidant activity (TAA) was estimated by an adaptation of the ABTS (2,2-azino-di (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)) assay.



Results.  The results indicated that in general, although there was no linear association between salivary flow rate pH and buffering capacity values obtained from different groups, salivary calcium concentration values were found to be higher in caries free groups. Total protein and total antioxidant values were higher in caries active groups except those in the 11- to 15-year-old girls group.



Conclusion.  In general, total protein and total antioxidant insaliva were increased with caries activity. Calcium concentrations in saliva were higher in caries-free children. In addition, calcium concentration increased with age. Thus, it can be concluded that a linear association exists between calcium concentration age and caries activity. More clinical and laboratory studies are needed to determine the exact relationship between the physicochemical properties of saliva such as flow rate, buffering capacity, pH, calcium level, total protein, total antioxidant status, and dental caries, age, and gender.

Total antioxidant levels of saliva in children related to caries, age, and gender.

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of two frequency apex locators, Root ZX (Morita, Kyoto, Japan) and Endex (Osada, Tokyo, Japan) in primary teeth with and without root resorption in vitro. For this study, 90 sound extracted primary teeth (60 molars and 30 incisors; 93 roots with visible resorption and 51 roots without) were selected. A total of 144 root canals were included. After access preparation, root canal lengths were measured visually. The teeth were embedded in an alginate model developed specifically for testing apex locators. Electronic length was determined with two different frequency apex locators, Root ZX (Morita, Kyoto, Japan) and Endex (Osada, Tokyo, Japan). Statistical evaluation was performed using Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon W tests (p   0.05), but Root ZX values were different than visual length and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two apex locators considering the presence of root resorption. The two frequency apex locators can be recommended for use in root canal therapy for primary teeth with and without root resorption, only if electrical determination of root canal length is supported with other diagnostic measures.

Accuracy of two different apex locators in primary teeth with and without root resorption

This in vitro study investigated the effect of use of three dentine bonding agents: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus® (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.), Syntac® (Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Optibond Dual Cure® (Kerr, Romulus, MI, U.S.A.) on microleakage and shear bond strength of a fissure sealant (Helioseal F®, Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) bonded to either dry or wet (saliva contaminated) enamels of primary teeth. Newly extracted 112 non-carious primary teeth were sectioned and embedded in resin blocks. Eight groups were formed for each test. Each group consisted of 14 specimens. Group 1 and 2: fissure sealant was applied directly to etched enamel in dry and wet condition, respectively; Group 3 and 4: fissure sealant was applied onto etched and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus® treated enamel in dry and wet condition, respectively; Group 5 and 6: fissure sealant was applied onto etched and Syntac® treated enamel in dry and wet condition, respectively; Group 7 and 8: fissure sealant was applied onto etched and Optibond Dual Cure® treated enamel in dry and wet condition, respectively. The results revealed that the use of an enamel–dentine bonding agent under fissure sealant increased the bond strength and decreased the microleakage. The use of enamel–dentine bonding agents under sealant in moisture contaminated conditions gave better results than applying sealant alone onto non-contaminated teeth. Finally, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus® yielded the best results for both tests.

The effect of bonding agents on the microleakage and bond strength of sealant in primary teeth

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the plant extract ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) in vitro. Study Design: ABS was eluted with fresh Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) without serum for 72 h, at 37°C. The cells treated with various dilutions of ABS were seeded into 96-well microplate at 10 4 /well in triplicates. Cells without treatment served as a control group. The number of viable cells after 48 h incubation was determined by a modified 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The relative viability of pulp cells was expressed as color intensity of the number in the experimental wells relative to that of the control group. Absorbances were read at 570 nm on a microplate reader with a background subtraction at 620 nm. Result: The results showed that ABS was cytotoxic to human pulp fibroblasts by MTT assay. Conclusions: The influence of cytotoxicity to human pulp fibroblasts depended on concentration of ABS. The more dilutions exhibited less cytotoxic characteristics compared to the more concentrated forms. © Medicina Oral S. L.

/pdf/cytotoxicity-of-a-new-hemostatic-agent-on-human-pulp-2n6kin2xt3.pdf

Cytotoxicity of a new hemostatic agent on human pulp fibroblasts in vitro.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the median survival time of fixed and removable space maintainers related to age groups, gender, and their distribution in upper and lower dental arches. The adherence of patients to a periodic recall program and the success rate of different types of space maintainers related to different arches were also evaluated. This study included 663 patients aged between 4-15 years old that were treated between the years of 1997 and 2002. The patients were categorized into four main groups: lost to follow-up, failed, successful, and censored at the end of study. Three hundred forty-five space maintainers were considered lost to follow-up, 83 were considered failed, 206 successful, and 20 censored-at-end. The overall median survival time of the appliances was 6.51 months. Median survival time was 7.25 months in the 4-6 age group, 6.35 months in the 7-12 age group, and 7.0 months in the 13+ age groups. Median survival time was 5.76 months in girls and 7.11 months in boys. Median survival time of space maintainers was 7.17 months for maxilla and 6.69 months in the mandible. Median survival time was 5.25 months for space maintainers fabricated in both arches.

/pdf/an-evaluation-of-survival-of-space-maintainers-a-six-year-4fv4vdsl2b.pdf

An evaluation of survival of space maintainers: a six-year follow-up study.

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