Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have demonstrated research and developmental interests in numerous fields, like communication, agriculture, industry, smart health, monitoring, and surveillance. In the area of agriculture production, IoT-based WSN has been used to observe the yields condition and automate agriculture precision using various sensors. These sensors are deployed in the agricultural environment to improve production yields through intelligent farming decisions and obtain information regarding crops, plants, temperature measurement, humidity, and irrigation systems. However, sensors have limited resources concerning processing, energy, transmitting, and memory capabilities that can negatively impact agriculture production. Besides efficiency, the protection and security of these IoT-based agricultural sensors are also important from malicious adversaries. In this article, we proposed an IoT-based WSN framework as an application to smart agriculture comprising different design levels. Firstly, agricultural sensors capture relevant data and determine a set of cluster heads based on multi-criteria decision function. Additionally, the strength of the signals on the transmission links is measured while using signal to noise ratio (SNR) to achieve consistent and efficient data transmissions. Secondly, security is provided for data transmission from agricultural sensors towards base stations (BS) while using the recurrence of the linear congruential generator. The simulated results proved that the proposed framework significantly enhanced the communication performance as an average of 13.5% in the network throughput, 38.5% in the packets drop ratio, 13.5% in the network latency, 16% in the energy consumption, and 26% in the routing overheads for smart agriculture, as compared to other solutions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2081/pdf

An Energy Efficient and Secure IoT-Based WSN Framework: An Application to Smart Agriculture

In wireless sensor networks, the high density of node’s distribution will result in transmission collision and energy dissipation of redundant data. To resolve the above problems, an energy-efficient sleep scheduling mechanism with similarity measure for wireless sensor networks (ESSM) is proposed, which will schedule the sensors into the active or sleep mode to reduce energy consumption effectively. Firstly, the optimal competition radius is estimated to organize the all sensor nodes into several clusters to balance energy consumption. Secondly, according to the data collected by member nodes, a fuzzy matrix can be obtained to measure the similarity degree, and the correlation function based on fuzzy theory can be defined to divide the sensor nodes into different categories. Next, the redundant nodes will be selected to put into sleep state in the next round under the premise of ensuring the data integrity of the whole network. Simulations and results show that our method can achieve better performances both in proper distribution of clusters and improving the energy efficiency of the networks with prerequisite of guaranteeing the data accuracy.

/pdf/an-energy-efficient-sleep-scheduling-mechanism-with-1wurhkfyyz.pdf

An energy-efficient sleep scheduling mechanism with similarity measure for wireless sensor networks

Clustering is one of the important methods for prolonging the network lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) It involves grouping of sensor nodes into clusters and electing cluster heads (CHs) for all the clusters CHs collect the data from respective cluster’s nodes and forward the aggregated data to base station A major challenge in WSNs is to select appropriate cluster heads In this paper, we present a fuzzy decision-making approach for the selection of cluster heads Fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) approach is used to select CHs using three criteria including residual energy, number of neighbors, and the distance from the base station of the nodes The simulation results demonstrate that this approach is more effective in prolonging the network lifetime than the distributed hierarchical agglomerative clustering (DHAC) protocol in homogeneous environments

https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2013/909086.pdf

Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks under Fuzzy Environment

Fault management frameworks in wireless sensor networks: A survey

A security framework for wireless sensor networks

The totally new communication paradigms introduced by the collaborative sensing notion of wireless sensor networks, materialized by the networked deployment of sensor nodes, has in the recent years forced researchers to re-consider the protocol design process. The traditional layered approach is coming under scrutiny. In its place a new, cross-layer approach has emerged that promises to meet much better the specific needs of versatile applications and severely limited resources characteristic for wireless sensor networks. Lately, the idea of Cross-Layer Frameworks has emerged and the research community is faced with the difficult task to investigate this new platform and its suitability, to weigh its pros and cons in light of its possible future evolution. In this paper we first try to present a brief survey of the suggested so far cross-layer frameworks by investigating the ongoing work in the area of cross-layer frameworks, putting that work in perspective, and consolidating the existing results and insights. Our second aim is to classify the cross-layer frameworks by defining some major criteria and identify their advantages and disadvantages in a unified manner. The work is supported by the evaluation of these frameworks against applications from large international projects.

Comparative study of Cross Layer Frameworks for wireless sensor networks

"Smart environments" are discussed as the next step in intelligent systems automation related to utilities, construction, industry, home and transportation. In the core of these environments are the wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN) which have seen an unprecedented development in the last decade both in terms of complexity and supporting concepts [1]. In this respect, there are still a number of issues that have to be solved in new ways suitable to the specifics and requirements of the smart environment. One such pressing issue is providing high level of fault tolerance. Fault tolerance is defined as the ability of a network to continue functioning in the presence of link and node failures. As the wireless media has highly varying characteristics and the nodes are easily prone to failures, the development of new fault tolerance algorithms is a pressing question. Furthermore, traditional layered protocol design has proved ineffective for WSAN and the new cross layer design approach has emerged as a foundation for protocol design in smart environments. The paper presents integrated fault tolerance module for WSAN based on the cross layer design approach. The results presented, based on packet loss, delay and energy consumption, support the thesis that adoption of the suggested fault management module improves the general performance of the network.

Fault Management for Smart Wireless Sensor Networks

It is a well-established fact that wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are very power constraint networks, but besides this, they are inherently more fault-prone than any other type of wireless network and their protocol design is very application specific. Major reasons for the faults are the unpredictable wireless communication channel, battery depletion, as well as fragility and mobility of the nodes. Furthermore, as traditional protocol design methods have proved inadequate, the cross-layer design (CLD) approach, which allows for interactions between different layers, providing more flexible and energy-efficient functionality, has emerged as a viable solution for WSNs. In this study we define a fault tolerance management module suitable to the requirements, limitations, and specifics of WSNs, encompassing methods for fault detection, fault prevention, fault management, and recovery. The suggested solution is in line with the CLD approach, which is an important factor in increasing the network performance. Through simulations the functionality of the network is evaluated, based on packet loss, delay, and energy consumption, and is compared with a similar solution not including fault management. The results achieved support the idea that the introduction of a unified approach to fault management improves the network performance as a whole.

A cross-layer fault tolerance management module for wireless sensor networks

In the last decade we have witnessed a really unpredicted boom in the number and variety of applications based on wireless sensor networks (WSN). From environment monitoring and military applications, to health care and event tracking applications, both the diversity and complexity of the nodes themselves and their networked applications have increased immensely (Yick et al., 2008). A combination of consumer demand for more efficient integrated systems and a steep drop in the price of hardware fuelled by manufacturing process improvements has resulted in a noticeable upward cycle of research in the field of networks that not only sense the data but also provide automated reaction to specific situations known as Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) (Akyildiz & Kasimoglu, 2004). “Smart environments” are discussed as the next step in these evolutionary developments in intelligent systems automation related to utilities, construction, industry, home and transportation. The “smart environment” is defined as one that is “able to acquire and apply knowledge about the environment and its inhabitants in order to improve their experience in that environment”. The WSN, which are in the heart of the “smart environments” consist of densely deployed microsensor nodes that continuously observe certain physical phenomenon. The existing abundance of WSN applications can be divided into two major groups based on the nature of the supported applications: WSN for monitoring and WSN for event detection/tracking. A major common feature is that both exploit the collective effort of nodes which have computing, transmitting and sensing capabilities. From the user point of view the main objective of WSN is to reliably detect or collect, and estimate event features based on the collective information provided by all sensor nodes. From the engineering design point of view, the main challenge for achieving this objective is posed by the severe energy and processing constraints of the low-end wireless sensor nodes. The collaborative sensing notion of WSN, which is achieved by the networked deployment of sensor nodes, can potentially be used towards overcoming the characteristic challenge of WSN, i.e., resource constraints. To this end, there has been a significant amount of research effort to develop suitable networking protocols in order to achieve communication with maximum energy efficiency. Because of the strict demands of WSN as compared to wired networks and AdHoc networks, the design goals of such system are different from the traditional approaches. The suitability of one of the foundations of networking, the OSI layered protocol architecture, is coming under close scrutiny from the research community. It is repeatedly 3

/pdf/smart-environments-and-cross-layer-design-1rprms8i0w.pdf

Smart Environments and Cross Layer Design

Wireless LANs (WLANs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are two large groups of networks that have well established application ranges. Despite the fact that they address very distinctive groups of devices and have clearly differentiated wireless interfaces, there are certain similarities which push scientists to look for adopting solutions already designed for WLANs to WSNs. An example of this is the case with routing layer protocols. AODV, an unicast routing protocol, developed for Mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANET), has proved to be applicable and accepted by IEEE as the standard for the routing layer in Low Rate - Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN). Still, MANET-originated solutions, including multicast protocols, were initially designed in the context of IEEE 802.11 MAC layer protocol. This paper investigates the feasibility of two popular MANET multicast protocols, ADMR and ODMRP over the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and provides a comprehensive study of the performance of these two protocols with different underlying physical and media access protocols. The protocols have been analyzed with ns-2 network simulator. It appears that even though both protocols are applicable in the selected scenarios, there are specifics in their performance in the context of WSNs which should not be neglected.

http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2008/istanbul/tele-info/tele-info_32.pdf

Comparative performance study of ADMR and ODMRP in the context of wireless LANs and wireless sensor networks

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