Advances in atomic physics, such as cooling and trapping of atoms and molecules and developments in frequency metrology, have added orders of magnitude to the precision of atom-based clocks and sensors. Applications extend beyond atomic physics and this article reviews using these new techniques to address important challenges in physics and to look for variations in the fundamental constants, search for interactions beyond the standard model of particle physics, and test the principles of general relativity.

Search for New Physics with Atoms and Molecules

This review article summarizes the last few decades of research on nickel hydroxide, an important material in physics and chemistry, that has many applications in engineering including, significantly, batteries. First, the structures of the two known polymorphs, denoted as α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2, are described. The various types of disorder, which are frequently present in nickel hydroxide materials, are discussed including hydration, stacking fault disorder, mechanical stresses and the incorporation of ionic impurities. Several related materials are discussed, including intercalated α-derivatives and basic nickel salts. Next, a number of methods to prepare, or synthesize, nickel hydroxides are summarized, including chemical precipitation, electrochemical precipitation, sol-gel synthesis, chemical ageing, hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis, electrochemical oxidation, microwave-assisted synthesis, and sonochemical methods. Finally, the known physical properties of the nickel hydroxides are reviewed, including their magnetic, vibrational, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. The last section in this paper is intended to serve as a summary of both the potentially useful properties of these materials and the methods for the identification and characterization of 'unknown' nickel hydroxide-based samples.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.2014.0792

Nickel hydroxides and related materials: a review of their structures, synthesis and properties.

A theory is given of the nuclear hyperfine structure of the paramagnetic resonance in hydrated crystals. Starting from the states of a free ion, neglecting spin-dependent terms in the energy, successive steps of perturbation calculation introduce the effect of the crystalline electric field, the spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions, the coupling with an external magnetic field, and the coupling between the nucleus of the ion and the electrons. The self-consistent field approximation, in which the state of the free ion is described by a single electronic configuration, is found to be inadequate, and it is found necessary to consider admixtures, through configurational coupling, of configurations in which there are unpaired 8-electrons, as these contribute significantly to the hyperfine splitting. A review of the application of the theory to the ions of the iron transition group is given. The phenomenon of paramagnetic resonance, discovered by Zavoisky (1945, 1946), is by now well known. In crystals it normally takes the form of a number of lines, whose breadth is partly determined by the random distribution of the magnetic fields exerted on one ion by its neighbours, and partly by the rapid interchange of magnetic energy and the thermal energy of the lattice, and there may be considerable overlapping of the lines. In particular, the nuclear hyperfine structure, i.e. the splitting of the lines by the action of the nucleus of the ion, though present when the spin of the nucleus differs from zero, is not normally resolved. The line breadth can be substantially reduced by working at low temperatures using magnetically dilute crystals in which most of the magnetic ions are replaced by chemically similar non-magnetic ions forming an isomorphous crystal; and under these conditions the hyperfine structure can be resolved (Penrose I949). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theory of the nuclear hyperfine structure of the paramagnetic resonance in salts of the iron transition group. The main reasons for confining the discussion to this group are that most of the experimental work has been done on it; and that although the general theory is common to all paramagnetic substances, the application to particular cases involves approximations which are different for the different groups of paramagnetics. In particular, for the iron group the dominating effect on the energy levels of an ion is the crystalline electric field; next in order of importance comes the spin-orbit coupling; then, under usual experimental conditions, the coupling of the ion with the external magnetic field; and last, the interaction with the nucleus. For the rare earths, on the other hand, the spin-orbit coupling may be the dominant effect, and the nuclear interaction may come second. Since up to the present little experimental work has been done on the hyperfine struc

Theory of the nuclear hyperfine structure of paramagnetic resonance spectra in crystals

The Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes

Unbestimmtheitsprinzip und Komplementaritat 2. Die letzte entscheidende Wendung der Quantentheorie ist erfolgt durch De Broglies Entdeckung der Materiewellen 3, Heisenbergs Auffindung der Matrizenmechanik 4 und Schrodingers 5 allgemeine wellenmechanische Differentialgleichung, welche die Verbindung zwischen diesen beiden Ideenkreisen herzustellen ermoglichte. Durch Heisenbergs Unbestimmtheitsprinzip 6: und die an dieses anschliesenden prinzipiellen Erorterungen Bohrs 7 kamen dann die Grundlagen der Theorie zu einem vorlaufigen Abschlus.

Die allgemeinen Prinzipien der Wellenmechanik

Some Rules of Spectral Structure

Es werden Terme des Septettsystems und deren Interkombinationen mit dem Grundterm d des Eisenspektrums nachgewiesen. Aus einem Vergleich der Intensitat der Interkombinationen zwischen den drei Seriensystemen des Fe wird eine besonders enge Zusammengehorigkeit des Triplett- und Quintettsystems vermutet, von der das Septettsystem ausgeschlossen ist. Das in der fruheren Arbeit auf die Kombinationen der gestrichenen Terme erweiterte Auswahlprinzip der azimutalen Quantenzahl bestatigt sich aufs neue. Ferner werden eine Reihe neuer Triplett- und Quintetterme teils vervollstandigt und gedeutet, teils neu angegeben. Ungefahr ein Viertel aller Eisenlinien sind nunmehr gedeutet.

Die Struktur des Eisenspektrums. II

Die von A. Sommerfeld und dem Verfasser fruher gegebenen Formeln fur die Suszeptibilitat enthalten die Aufspaltungen der Grundterme der Spektren der betreffenden Ionen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Aufspaltungen mittels der relativistischen Dublettformel berechnet. Die auf diesem Wege rein spektroskopisch erhaltenen Magnetonenzahlen stimmen in keinem Falle mit den beobachteten uberein. Auch bei den seltenen Erden scheint sich derselbe Effekt bemerkbar zu machen. Verschiedene mogliche Erklarungen dieser Diskrepanz werden diskutiert.

/pdf/zur-interpretation-des-paramagnetismus-der-eisengruppe-4wfoyh4r6e.pdf

Zur Interpretation des Paramagnetismus der Eisengruppe

Einführung in die theoretische Physik

Absorption Coefficients for Thermal Neutrons. Remarks on the Preceding Paper of C. T. Zahn

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