Generally, research on the catalyst layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) focuses on the cathode side. However, the anode side should not be ignored because many problems of the anode side cause repercussions on the performance and durability of PEMFCs. Herein, advances in the anode catalyst layer in the past decade are reviewed, focusing on poisoning, cell reversal, and low platinum loading anode. This review considers the mechanism and effect of each adverse circumstance and summarizes the functional catalyst layers mitigation research, aiming to highlight the research gaps and make recommendations for future anode catalyst layer research of PEMFCs. 

Recent advances in the anode catalyst layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

A comprehensive summary of the stability of electrocatalytic OER will provide insight into electrocatalyst design and device optimization for industrial applications. 

Stability of electrocatalytic OER: from principle to application

To obtain the temperature sensitivity characteristics of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under different degradation levels, accelerated durability tests and temperature sensitivity tests of the fuel cell are first performed, and the temperature characteristics under different degradation states are analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curve. Besides, an adaptive state-of-health transient thermal model of fuel cells is developed to investigate the effect of operating temperature on the internal gas concentration and hydrothermal distribution characteristics of the fuel cell from a mechanistic perspective. The experimental results of temperature sensitivity validate that the adaptive state-of-health transient thermal model can effectively monitor the steady and transient performance of the fuel cell. Subsequently, a mathematical model is proposed to describe the relationship among the load current, state of health, and optimal temperature using the temperature sensitivity test data and the transient thermal model of the adaptive state of health, which provides important insights into the optimal temperature range tailored to the current state of health of fuel cells to ensure efficient and stable operation of fuel cells all the time and contributes to the fine design of an optimal degradation adaptive temperature control strategy. 

Adaptive state-of-health temperature sensitivity characteristics for durability improvement of PEM fuel cells

Abstract Carbon supported PtCo intermetallic alloys are known to be one of the most promising candidates as low-platinum oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts for proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells. Nevertheless, the intrinsic trade-off between particle size and ordering degree of PtCo makes it challenging to simultaneously achieve a high specific activity and a large active surface area. Here, by machine-learning-accelerated screenings from the immense configuration space, we are able to statistically quantify the impact of chemical ordering on thermodynamic stability. We find that introducing of Cu/Ni into PtCo can provide additional stabilization energy by inducing Co-Cu/Ni disorder, thus facilitating the ordering process and achieveing an improved tradeoff between specific activity and active surface area. Guided by the theoretical prediction, the small sized and highly ordered ternary Pt 2 CoCu and Pt 2 CoNi catalysts are experimentally prepared, showing a large electrochemically active surface area of ~90 m 2 g Pt ‒1 and a high specific activity of ~3.5 mA cm ‒2 . 

Machine-learning-accelerated design of high-performance platinum intermetallic nanoparticle fuel cell catalysts

An innovative accelerated stress test representative of automotive PEMFC degradation mechanisms validated on 1000 hours real-world operation


 System durability is crucially important for the successful commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Conventional accelerated durability testing protocols employ relatively high voltage to hasten carbon corrosion and/or platinum catalyst degradation. However, high voltages are strictly avoided in commercialized FCEVs such as the Toyota MIRAI to minimize these degradation modes. As such, conventional durability tests are not representative of real-world FCEV driving conditions. Here, modified start-stop and load cycle durability tests are conducted on prototype fuel cell stacks intended for incorporation into commercial FCEVs. Polarization curves are evaluated at beginning of test and end of test, and the degradation mechanisms are elucidated by separating the overvoltages at both 0.2 and 2.2 A cm-2. Using our modified durability protocols with a maximum cell voltage of 0.9 V, the prototype fuel cell stacks easily meet durability targets for automotive applications, corresponding to 15-year operation and 200,000 km driving range. These findings have been applied successfully in the development of new fuel cell systems for FCEVs, in particular the second-generation Toyota MIRAI.

Accelerated Durability Testing of Fuel Cell Stacks for Commercial Automotive Applications: A Case Study

Cold start cycling durability of fuel cell stacks for commercial automotive applications

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Accelerated Durability Testing of Fuel Cell Stacks for Commercial Automotive Applications: A Case Study

Cold start cycling durability of fuel cell stacks for commercial automotive applications