Thermal Stress Edited by Dr. P. P. Benham and Dr. Russell Hoyle. Pp. x + 382. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., 1964.) 90s. net. Materials Index Plenum Press Handbooks of High Temperature Materials No. 1. By Peter T. B. Shaffer. Pp. xx + 740. 17.50 dollars. No. 2. Properties Index By G. V. Samsonov. Translated from the Russian. Pp. xii + 418. 22.50 dollars. No. 3. Thermal Radiative Properties By W. D. Wood, H. W. Deem and C. F. Lucks. Pp. 470. 17.50 dollars. (New York: Plenum Press, 1964.)

/pdf/materials-at-high-temperatures-3t8sd75d0f.pdf

Materials at High Temperatures

A critical review on self-lubricating ceramic-composite cutting tools

The study is devoted to the development and testing of technological principles for the manufacture of solid end mills from ceramics based on a powder composition of α-SiAlON, β-SiAlON, and TiN additives, including spark plasma sintering powder composition, diamond sharpening of sintered ceramic blanks for shaping the cutting part of mills and deposition of anti-friction Si-containing diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings in the final stage. A rational relationship between the components of the powder composition at spark plasma sintering was established. The influence of optimum temperature, which is the most critical sintering parameter, on ceramic samples’ basic physical and mechanical properties was investigated. DLC coatings’ role in changing the surface properties of ceramics based on SiAlON, such as microrelief, friction coefficient, et cetera, was studied. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of two tool options, such as developed samples of experimental mills made of SiAlON/TiN and commercial samples ceramic mills based on SiAlON, doped with stabilizing additives containing Yb when processing nickel alloys (NiCr20TiAl alloy was used as an example). DLC coatings’ contribution to the quantitative indicators of the durability of ceramic mills and the surface quality of machined products made of nickel alloy is shown.

Development of DLC-Coated Solid SiAlON/TiN Ceramic End Mills for Nickel Alloy Machining: Problems and Prospects

This paper discusses various methods of fabrication of plain and carbon-reinforced composite powders, as well as a range of powder characterisation test methods suitable for defining powders for laser sintering. Two milling processes (based on disc blades and rotatory cutting knives) were used as methods of fabrication of powders, starting from injection moulding granule grades, for comparison with current powders obtained directly from polymerisation processes. It was found that the milling process affects the particles properties. The rotary milling produced powders with superior properties in comparison with the disc milling method. Tests including particle size distribution, angle of repose, aspect ratio, sphericity and roundness of particles were employed to compare and assess the suitability of powders for laser sintering. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller test was identified as a useful method to define surface roughness and porosity of the particles. The carbon fibre (Cf) Poly Ether Ketone (PEK) granules milled well and after an additional sieving process created a good quality powder. This is the first attempt to investigate properties of PEK powder with encapsulated Cf and follow their sintering profile through hot-stage microscopy. It is expected that this type of composite powder will create isotropic structures in comparison with the highly anisotropic properties given by the known dry mix composite powders, currently used in laser sintering.

/pdf/poly-aryl-ether-ketones-paeks-and-carbon-reinforced-paek-3nieax6vzf.pdf

Poly Aryl Ether Ketones (PAEKs) and carbon-reinforced PAEK powders for laser sintering

Lightweight porous silica ceramics with ultra-low thermal conductivity and enhanced compressive strength

In the present study sintering behavior and mechanical properties of β-SiAlON ceramics were investigated using different sintering techniques (gas pressured sintering (GPS), pressureless sintering and spark plasma sintering (SPS)) and different particle sized powders (with D BET 216 and 130 nm). After sintering of the microstructure and phase characterization were carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, respectively. All the samples, prepared using fine powder, were sintered at lower temperatures than samples prepared by conventional powder, by two sintering techniques (GPS and pressureless). Additionally, the results showed that cooling rates had an important effect on the formation and the amount of intermediate phase in the sample. As a result, it was shown that the particle size of starting raw materials, the amount of additive, the sintering temperature and the technique had a significant effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the SiAlON samples.

A comparison of sintering techniques using different particle sized β-SiAlON powders

In the present work nano-sized powder of β-SiAlON was produced using a wet milling process. Different milling times and mediums (methyl ethyl keton, ethanol and toluene as solvents, polyethyleneglicol, oleic acid, sodium tripolyphosphate and polyvinylpyrrolidon as dispersants) were performed for the determination of the most efficient milling system. The powders were produced using a conventional process (the ball to powder ratio was 1:1.5, at 300 rpm, for 1.5 h) having a few hundred nanometer particle size, and these were used as standard powders in this study. The nano-sized β-SiAlON starting powders ( 2 O 3 in powders (∼130 nm), produced by high energy milling process, was fewer than conventional powders (5 wt.%). The results of the powder size, sintering behavior and mechanical properties of this sample were compared to those of the standard powder and its sintered sample. This sample, produced using the nano-powder, was investigated, and densified at 150 °C lower than that of the standard sample. Even though the amount of Y 2 O 3 was decreased, the hardness of the samples was better than that of the standard sample.

The production of β-SiAlON ceramics with low amounts of additive, at low sintering temperature

In the present study the oxidation behavior of β-SiAlON ceramics, which were produced from conventional and high energy mechanical milled powders, was investigated. High energy mechanically milled powders have lower particle sizes ( 130 nm) than those of conventional powders (216 nm) and fully densified at lower temperatures with less amount of additives. The amount of additive is an important parameter to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of SiAlON ceramics. The cyclic and isothermal oxidation tests were carried out at 1300 and 1400°C in dry air environment. The weight gain of oxidized samples was measured during the oxidation process. The alteration of oxide layer was analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results indicate that oxidation resistance of the samples produced from mechanically milled powders with less amount of additive is higher than that of conventional one. Therefore, β-SiAlON ceramics which were sintered at 100°C lower temperatures with less amount of additive (3.5 wt. % Y2O3), showed a better oxidation resistance.

Improvement in the Oxidation Resistance of β-SiAlON Ceramics Produced from Mechanically Milled Powders

The effect of the wet-milling process on sintering temperature and the amount of additive of SiAlON ceramics

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A comparison of sintering techniques using different particle sized β-SiAlON powders

The production of β-SiAlON ceramics with low amounts of additive, at low sintering temperature

Improvement in the Oxidation Resistance of β-SiAlON Ceramics Produced from Mechanically Milled Powders

The effect of the wet-milling process on sintering temperature and the amount of additive of SiAlON ceramics