Infectious Agents and Cancer is an open access journal dedicated to publishing insights on the association between chronic infections and cancer. The journal’s scope covers all areas of biomedical research related to the development of preventive strategies, innovative diagnostic and biomolecular methodologies and promising therapeutic strategies for treating chronic infections and cancer. Infectious Agents and Cancer aims to serve as an international platform to showcase research and resources for cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment and palliative care.

Infectious Agents and Cancer

Background
Few national registries exist in the Caribbean, resulting in limited cancer statistics being available for the region. Therefore, estimates are frequently based on the extrapolation of mortality data submitted to the World Health Organization. Thus, regional cancer surveillance and research need promoting, and their synergy must be strengthened. However, differences between countries outweigh similarities, hampering registration and availability of data.

/pdf/advancing-cancer-control-through-research-and-cancer-3rytud9w3v.pdf

Advancing Cancer Control Through Research and Cancer Registry Collaborations in the Caribbean.

Background Recent advances in genomic and genetic technologies have facilitated better health outcomes for urologic cancer patients. Genomic and genetic heterogeneity may contribute to differences in tumor biology and urologic cancer burden across various populations. Objective To examine how emerging genomic and genetic biomarkers, self-reported race, and ancestry-informative markers are associated with kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer outcomes. Results Genomic and genetic alterations found in African American kidney cancer patients included distinct somatic mutations, somatic copy number alterations, chromosomal instability, germ-line risk alleles, and germ-line genetic variants. These changes correlated with improved risk prediction, prognosis, and survival; and a predicted decrease in response to targeted therapies. SNP risk alleles and ancestry-informative markers were associated with improved risk prediction in prostate cancer patients of both African and European descent. AKT activation suggest differential response to AKT-targeted therapies in African American, Asian American, and Tunisian bladder cancer patients. Both self-reported race and genetic ancestry predicted urologic cancer risk prediction. Conclusion Precision medicine approaches that integrate population-specific genomic and genetic information with other known urologic cancer-specific characteristics can improve outcomes and be leveraged to reduce cancer health disparities. Further investigations are necessary to identify novel genomic biomarkers with clinical utility.

Emerging genomic biomarkers for improving kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer health disparities outcomes.

Sex-workers have an increased risk for high-risk HPV(hrHPV) cervical cancer. On Curacao, legal and illegal prostitution practice is high and the promiscuous lifestyle is common. We aimed to gain insight in HPV-genotype prevalence in cervical scrapes of female sex workers (FSW) and related risk factors in comparison with women not working in the sex industry. Cervical samples were taken from 76 FSW and 228 non-FSW (NFSW) age matched controls in the period between 2013 and 2015. HPV was detected by GP5+/6+ PCR-EIA followed by genotyping via reverse line-blot. HPV prevalence in FSWs was 25.0% and in NFSWs 29.4% (p = 0.14). NFSW had more often untypable HPV-genotypes (HPV–X:5.3% vs 0.0%; p = 0.042). A trend for statistical difference was observed in HPV prevalence between FSWs from Dominican Republic (42.1%) and FSWs from Colombia (19.2%; p = 0.067). Young age was the only risk factor related to HPV prevalence in FSWs. (Mean age FSW 29.2 y ±7.8 and NFSW 33 y ±6.2) Smoking and drugs consumption were significantly higher among FSW. A significant higher number of women with history of any STD was reported by NFSWs. In addition, >90% of FSW had their previous Pap smear 35% NFSW never had a previous Pap smear (p < 0.001).In conclusion: no significant difference in HPV prevalence is observed between FSW and NFSW. HPV prevalence in FSW was associated with a lower age. During interviews, FSW seemed more aware about prevention strategies, reported less history of STD's and were more updated with cervical cancer screening, compared to NFSWs.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types prevalence in cervical samples of female sex-workers on Curaçao.

Introduction Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among Black men and women. While colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) reduces mortality, research assessing within race CRCS differences is lacking. This study assessed CRCS prevalence and adherence to national screening recommendations and the association of region of birth with CRCS adherence, within a diverse Black population. Methods Data from age-eligible adults, 50-75 years, (N = 357) participating in an ongoing, cross-sectional study, was used to measure CRCS prevalence and adherence and region of birth (e.g., Caribbean-, African-, US-born). Prevalence and adherence were based on contemporaneous US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. Descriptive statistics were calculated and adjusted prevalence and adherence proportions were calculated by region of birth. Adjusted logistic regression models were performed to assess the association between region of birth and overall CRCS and modality-specific adherence. Results Respondents were 69.5% female, 43.3% married/living with partner, and 38.4% had <$25,000 annual income. Overall, 78.2% reported past CRCS; however, stool test had the lowest prevalence overall (34.6%). Caribbean (95.0%) and African immigrants (90.2%) had higher prevalence of overall CRCS compared to US-born Blacks (59.2%) (p-value <0.001). African immigrants were five times more likely to be adherent to overall CRCS compared to US-born Blacks (OR = 5.25, 95% CI 1.34-20.6). Immigrants had higher odds of being adherent to colonoscopy (Caribbean OR = 6.84, 95% CI 1.49-31.5; African OR = 7.14, 95% CI 1.27-40.3) compared to US-born Blacks. Conclusions While Caribbean and African immigrants have higher prevalence and adherence of CRCS when compared US-born Blacks, CRCS is still sub-optimal in the Black population. Efforts to increase CRCS, specifically stool testing, within the Black population are warranted, with targeted interventions geared towards US-born Blacks.

/pdf/colorectal-cancer-screening-prevalence-and-adherence-for-the-37sb7wbb9j.pdf

Colorectal Cancer Screening Prevalence and Adherence for the Cancer Prevention Project of Philadelphia (CAP3) Participants Who Self-Identify as Black.

Objective: Cancer mortality inequity among persons of African Ancestry is remarkable. Yet, Black inclusion in cancer biology research is sorely lacking and warrants urgent attention. Epidemiologic ...

The Cancer Prevention Project of Philadelphia: preliminary findings examining diversity among the African diaspora.

This is a brief summary of the 4th International Meeting of the African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium (AC3), organized and sponsored by Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC), and held on July 21–22, 2012 at the Lincoln University Graduate Center, Lincoln Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. AC3 investigators gathered in Philadelphia, PA to present the results of our ongoing collaborative research efforts throughout the African Diaspora. The general theme addressed cancer health disparities and presentations represented all cancer types. However, there was particular emphasis on women’s cancers, related to human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections.

/pdf/the-4th-bi-annual-international-african-caribbean-cancer-2ryt8dv8zw.pdf

The 4th Bi-annual international African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium conference: building capacity to address cancer health disparities in populations of African descent

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The Cancer Prevention Project of Philadelphia: preliminary findings examining diversity among the African diaspora.

The 4th Bi-annual international African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium conference: building capacity to address cancer health disparities in populations of African descent