Omkar Aphale

TL;DR: The authors found significant increases in set outs for recycling, but also more inclusion of non-recyclable items in the recycling bins, due to the changes in the waste stream composition and size.

TL;DR: The Area Metric approach enables explicit incorporation of model uncertainties, epistemic as well as aleatory, into validation assessment and increases confidence in the model's representativeness that, in turn, reduces risk to model users.

TL;DR: In this article, a density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport model of Manhasset Neck, Long Island, New York, was used to analyze the effects of seasonal stress on the position of the freshwater/saltwater transition zone and groundwater flowpaths.

Abstract: Henry Hudson first sailed to New York harbor 400 years ago. Since then, New York City has both affected and been affected by water quality in greater New York Harbor. In this paper, we focus on sewers, sewerage, and sewage treatment in Manhattan and their effects on the Hudson River. It is clear that feedbacks among drinking water quality and quantity, population, public perceptions, regulations, and estuarine water quality exist, although their strength and character have varied over time. Early land uses damaged local water supplies found on Manhattan Island. New York then began to exploit the large fresh water resources available to its north, which helped the City to expand more rapidly. Water availability also allowed for water carriage sanitary practices, increasing discharges of wastes through a growing sewer network into local waters. The discharge of wastes degraded water quality, affecting natural resources in the harbor. Untreated wastes led to disease from contaminated seafood, and also more generalized effects on public health. Overall, New York lifestyles became largely detached from its shoreline, partly due to the industrial character of the waterfront, and partly because of odors and visual blight from pollution. Growing public distaste over poor harbor water quality, especially in the early 20 century, led to some sewage treatment. More and more comprehensive treatment followed regulatory and legal actions, beginning in mid-twentieth century. Concurrently, maritime