This paper summarizes the current state of the art and recent trends in software engineering economics. It provides an overview of economic analysis techniques and their applicability to software engineering and management. It surveys the field of software cost estimation, including the major estimation techniques available, the state of the art in algorithmic cost models, and the outstanding research issues in software cost estimation.

Software engineering economics

In this article, the dynamic impedance of a pseudospark (PS)-driven electron beam has been analyzed for different phases of breakdown over a range of applied gap voltage (AGV). The electron beam is generated through a PS mechanism device, which consists of a hollow cathode, an interelectrode three-gap structure with two floating anodes, and one anode disk. The developed device has been operated in the self-breakdown mode for AGV ranging from 10 to 30 kV. The electron beam source (EBS) has been characterized and analyzed in terms of its V – I characteristics, impedance during different phases, relative impedance during breakdown under different gap voltages, gap capacitance, inductance, and resistance.

Analysis of Dynamic Impedance for Different Phases of Pseudospark-Driven Electron Beam

The stable transmission of sheet electron beam (SEB) with a large aspect ratio is the key to the success of high-power SEB devices. This article researches the instability of the large-aspect-ratio SEB (LAR-SEB) in the traditional period cusp magnet (PCM). The research reveals that the mismatch between the nonlinear horizontal space charge field of the LAR-SEB and the linear bias magnetic field ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\textit{y},\text{off}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> ) in the traditional PCM is the main factor for this instability. To solve this issue, this article proposes a new method to confine the LAR-SEB using a PCM with a nonlinear higher order <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\textit{y},\text{off}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> . The simulation confirms that this constructed magnetic field can effectively suppress the dramatic width fluctuation and thickness expansion, which contributes to the unstable transport of the LAR-SEB. In addition, to generate the required magnetic field, a new magnetic configuration, named PCM with notches (PCM-N), is proposed, in which a set of notches are added to the PCM’s pole pieces to substitute the staggering approach. This article also provides a design method to obtain the notches’ parameters by utilizing a genetic algorithm. Moreover, to verify the performance of the PCM-N, an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X -band electron optical system (EOS) is built and calculated. The results indicate that PCM-N does generate a higher order <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\textit{y},\text{off}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , which is highly matched to the LAR-SEB’s horizontal electric field <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\textit{x}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , resulting in all particles passing through the long tunnel without any interception. In contrast, the transmission rate by employing the traditional PCM approach is only 68%.

A New Method to Stably Transport the SEB With a Large Aspect Ratio by PCM With a Higher Order Bias Magnetic Field

The results of simulation of the two previously proposed millimeter-band backward-wave oscillators (BWO) driven by a self-focused pseudospark-sourced sheet electron beams are presented. Plasma focusing makes possible beam transmission through a slow-wave structure (SWS) over distances of the order of several cm while providing effective beam-wave interaction. Two models of beam focusing by plasma in SWS are considered. A simplified approach, in which the electrodynamic structure is pre-filled with fully ionized plasma, allows assessing beam transport with effective beam wave interaction. A more accurate model, in which the plasma is formed as a result of impact ionization of the gas by beam electrons allows simulation of non-stationary processes of plasma channel formation. It describes not only plasma focusing in the interaction region, but also the consequent transport of the spent beam to collector via the plasma channel, which remains intact at the exit of the SWS.

Simulation of Sub-THz Backward-Wave Oscillators With a Self-Focused Pseudospark-Sourced Sheet Electron Beam

The simultaneous generation of an electron beam with high energy and high current density with a high-fill factor is challenging for a backward wave oscillator (BWO) and other linear-beam devices. To address this issue, a novel r- $\theta $ multi-aperture configuration is reported in this letter. The configuration of 17 apertures of 1 mm dia has been optimized using 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation software, VSim. The optimization has been carried out in order to enhance the beam energy and beam current density simultaneously with a high fill factor. With these optimized apertures arrangement, a pseudospark-based electron beam source has been developed. The experimental characterization of the source leads to achieving the maximum beam current density of more than 600 A/cm2 and beam energy equal to 17.5 keV.

A Novel Multi-Aperture r-θ Configuration-Based Pseudospark-Driven Electron Beam Source

The alignment within the required tolerance between components like electron beam source, beam-wave interaction structure and spent beam collector is a major challenge in the realization of the high-power vacuum-tube sub-THz source. To overcome this major issue, a novel integrated W-band beam-wave interaction circuit along with spent beam collector and beam adapter region has been designed and developed on two planar metallic plates itself for the first time. It accomplished the level of required alignment of different components of a sub-THz source. This interaction circuit along with beam adapter region and spent beam collector has been developed on a single plate. These structures have been developed using optimized micro-milling techniques with achieved dimensional deviation less than $ < 7~\mu \text{m}$ . The average surface roughness is found to be around 100 nm, which is much less than the skin depth in the W band.

A Technique for Planar Integration of Components of W-Band Backward-Wave Oscillator to Eliminate Misalignment

Audio effect implementation on random musical signal is a basic application of digital signal processors. In this paper, the compatibility features of MATLAB R2008a with Code Composer Studio 3.3 has been exploited to develop Simulink models which when emulated on TMS320C6713 DSK generate real time audio effects. Each design has been done by two different asynchronous scheduling techniques: (i) Idle task Scheduling and (ii) DSP/BIOS task Scheduling. A basic COCOMO analysis has been done for the generated code to justify the industrial viability of this design approach.

An intuitive design approach for implementing real time audio effects

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A Technique for Planar Integration of Components of W-Band Backward-Wave Oscillator to Eliminate Misalignment

An intuitive design approach for implementing real time audio effects