Solar thermal technologies for power generation have become cost-effective, efficient, flexible, and play a prominent role in achieving low-carbon energy systems. Concentrated solar power is the main solar technology for large-scale power generation and can offer thermal energy storage capacity, delivering power to the grid with high reliability, high capacity factor and low cost. However, their operation is constrained by the maximum temperature allowable for the heat transfer fluids used (up to 565 °C using molten salts). Continuous efforts are in progress to demonstrate the scalability, reliability, functionality, and performance of different concentrated solar thermal components and liquid heat transfer fluids for third-generation concentrated solar power plants. Third-generation concentrated solar power plants are characterized by: (a) operating at temperatures above 700 °C and (b) increasing the capacity, reliability, efficiency and stability of the system network. To date, several authors have evaluated the performance of novel liquid, solid particles and gaseous/supercritical heat transfer fluids, triggering intense development of new receivers, enhanced heat exchangers, storage systems, new materials, and their aging tests, among others. The present study compiles the recent literature referred to the liquid-pathway of third-generation concentrated solar power plants, emphasizing the relevant lines of research and the issues to be resolved in the coming years on high-temperature receivers, heat transfer fluids and storage concepts, as well as suitable high-temperature thermodynamic cycles. • A liquid-pathway overview of Gen3 CSP plants is presented. • Latest scientific advances concerning liquid-based Gen3 CSP plants are included. • LCOE reductions of up to 10% are reported in the literature. • Research gaps and future prospects are identified. 

Latest developments, assessments and research trends for next generation of concentrated solar power plants using liquid heat transfer fluids

This paper proposes a new bidirectional hybrid DC-DC converter which uses a combination of a switched-capacitor and switched-inductor structure. The hybrid structure, based on the switched inductor and capacitor cells, helps achieve multiple advantages such as higher voltage conversion ratio, passive component size reduction, and active switch stress reduction. The mathematical analysis of the new converter is performed, addressing its control and stability through small-signal analysis modeling, and simulation results are used to confirm the theoretical considerations.

Bidirectional Hybrid Switched-Inductor Switched-Capacitor Converter Topology with High Voltage Gain

In application of hexagonal shapes, engineers and researchers use mathematical modeling, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and experimental techniques to study natural convection inside hexagonal cavities and improve the design and efficiency of engineering systems. The exploration of fluid performance in hexagonal cavity has been an important problem from the earlier in the fluid mechanics field. The present transient study about thermal reaction and behavior of natural convectional MWCNT-water nanofluid flow privileged a hexagonal cavity in the occurrence of magnetic field is scrutinized. The flow domain of hexagonal structure cavity is a partitioned with lower heated cavity wall and inner four blocks are also heated. The upper wall of the cavity is considered insulated. Furthermore the other remaining walls of the hexagonal cavity are cold. The two-dimensional steady, incompressible, governing equations which involve continuity, velocity, and temperature equations of mono nanofluid in a dimensionless form are expressed in vertically and horizontal directions respectively. Moreover, transformed the governing equations into their dimensionless system then elucidated numerically with the help of Galerkin Finite Element Method. Furthermore response surface methodology (RSM) has been utilized to obtaining the optimal values of the designed parameters. This combined process was successfully sculpted and optimized utilized a central composite design with response surface methodology. The numerical fallouts of the flow controlling parameters scrutinized containing streamlines, velocities components and isotherms are elaborated. The investigation depicts enhanced convection velocity and temperature outcomes for different values of Rayleigh number. The average Nusselt number is drops as Rayleigh number boosts up. It is concluded that the Nusselt number is reduces for Hartmann number. For larger nanoparticles fraction Nusselt number increases. This analysis has particular scope for improvement. In additions, studies can be showed on the improvement of hexagonal cavity walls designs, thickness, and size of the walls of enclosure cavity. Furthermore the heated blocks are involved inside the cavity. The natural convection flow through hexagonal cavity reveals major importance and those geometrical shapes are playing major role in electronic cooling. In electronics, hexagonal cavities can be found in heat sinks and electronic packages. Natural convection plays a crucial role in dissipating heat from electronic devices, such as microprocessors, power electronics, and LED lighting systems. Nanofluids exhibit potential heat transfer as compared to conventional coolants. With this aim, the current analysis enlightens the natural convection flow of MWCNTs-water nanofluid inside hexagonal cavity and square-shaped blocks. This analysis is original, and no previous investigation has been accompanied considering the enclosure domain of cavity and variation of the walls number. 

Central composite design (CCD)-Response surface methodology (RSM) for modeling and simulation of MWCNT-water nanofluid inside hexagonal cavity: Application to electronic cooling

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 12 June, 2020 Accepted: 09 July, 2020 Online: 28 July, 2020 Fundamentally, the Bidirectional DC/DC converter consists of Buck and Boost modes, which working alternately. Hence, it has two output directions: Buck mode for decreasing the voltage and Boost mode for increasing the voltage at certain levels. In this work, we applied a non-isolated topology of the Bidirectional DC/DC converter for electric vehicle, that is mini all-terrain vehicle (ATV). We set a Buck mode to charge the Supercapacitor when the battery current and the Supercapacitor voltage are lower than considered level. Whereas the Boost mode was used to discharge as well as buffer the mini ATV when the battery current and the Supercapacitor voltage are higher than considered level. The discussion of Buck mode has been presented in previous work, so in this work, we focus on the Boost mode analysis only. This mode is set to increase the Supercapacitor’s voltage. The Supercapacitor with 25 VDC/8 Farad was used as the secondary main power inside the 22.2 VDC / 5000 mAh LiPo battery of the mini ATV motor. The mini ATV requires 36 VDC to work. Thus, it must be boosted first from 22.2 to 36 VDC using an external Boost converter. Moreover, it must be maintained at 36 VDC. Based on the requirement, we first design the bidirectional DC/DC converter involving the mathematical calculation and then simulate it into LTSpice®. The Printed-Circuit Board is then lay-outed and mounted. Later, we connected the designed system to mini ATV motor and tested the performance as well. According to the laboratory test, the Bidirectional DC/DC converter can increase (Boost) the voltage of the Supercapacitor from a certain level to 36 VDC. On the other hand, it can maintain 36 VDC. The central control in this system uses the STM32F4 Microcontroller, while the battery monitoring system employs the STMStudio.

/pdf/buffering-supercapacitor-mechanism-based-on-bidirectional-dc-5frcfs97pq.pdf

Buffering Supercapacitor Mechanism based on Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Mini All-Terrain Vehicle Application

This paper describes the current control of a non-isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter. It is a switched capacitor type fourth-order bidirectional converter (FOBDC). This converter is modeled using state-space modeling technique, and duty ratio-to-inductor current transfer functions is then derived. Two different compensators are designed using the respective transfer functions to achieve an average current mode control (ACMC) during the charging and discharging modes. The compensator(s) performance is evaluated by introducing perturbations. A technique is also developed for smooth mode transitions, charging to discharging and vice-versa, with minimum delay time. A 12–48 V converter is designed, simulated, and experimentally verified for low power applications.

Analysis and current control of fourth-order DC-DC bidirectional converter

Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in the novel liquid volumetric plated cavity receiver

In this paper, a fourth-order non-isolated bidirectional converter is proposed for load power management in low-voltage DC grid. With state-space and discrete-time modeling technique, the proposed bidirectional converter is modeled, and small-signal transfer functions are obtained. A digital compensator is designed using these transfer functions both for the charger and discharging cases. The converter is designed to ensure battery current regulation. To test the robustness relevant control theory, for discrete transfer functions, is applied and also formulated important robustness quantifying sensitivity functions. The robust controller is designed and then evaluated its effectiveness against disturbances. A 30 W 12 to 48 V bidirectional converter system is fabricated to confirm the design and simulations. For system robustness validation the measurement results are included for the range of parameter variation considered during design stage.

Bidirectional non-isolated dc-dc converter for low-voltage DC-grid

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Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in the novel liquid volumetric plated cavity receiver

Bidirectional non-isolated dc-dc converter for low-voltage DC-grid