Intramuscular fat (IMF) content in skeletal muscle including the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM), also known as marbling fat, is one of the most important factors determining beef quality in several countries including Korea, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Genetics and breed, management, and nutrition affect IMF deposition. Japanese Black cattle breed has the highest IMF content in the world, and Korean cattle (also called Hanwoo) the second highest. Here, we review results of research on genetic factors (breed and sex differences and heritability) that affect IMF deposition. Cattle management factors are also important for IMF deposition. Castration of bulls increases IMF deposition in most cattle breeds. The effects of several management factors, including weaning age, castration, slaughter weight and age, and environmental conditions on IMF deposition are also reviewed. Nutritional factors, including fat metabolism, digestion and absorption of feed, glucose/starch availability, and vitamin A, D, and C levels are important for IMF deposition. Manipulating IMF deposition through developmental programming via metabolic imprinting is a recently proposed nutritional method to change potential IMF deposition during the fetal and neonatal periods in rodents and domestic animals. Application of fetal nutritional programming to increase IMF deposition of progeny in later life is reviewed. The coordination of several factors affects IMF deposition. Thus, a combination of several strategies may be needed to manipulate IMF deposition, depending on the consumer's beef preference. In particular, stage-specific feeding programs with concentrate-based diets developed by Japan and Korea are described in this article.

/pdf/genetic-management-and-nutritional-factors-affecting-4n3f03jf64.pdf

Genetic, management, and nutritional factors affecting intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle - A review.

Comparing the environmental efficiency of milk and beef production through life cycle assessment of interconnected cattle systems

Muscle fiber characteristics account for meat quality and muscle fibers are mainly classified into three or more types according to their contractile and metabolic properties. However, the majority of previous studies on bovine skeletal muscle are based on myosin ATPase activity. In the present study, the differences in the characteristics of muscle fibers classified by the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) among four bovine skeletal muscles such as longissimus thoracis (LT), psoas major (PM), semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus (ST) and their relationships to beef quality were investigated. MHCs 2x, 2a and slow were identified by LC-MS/MS and IIX, IIA and I fiber types were classified. PM, which had the smallest size and highest density of fibers regardless of type, showed the highest myoglobin content, CIE L*, a*, b* and sarcomere length (p<0.05), whereas ST with the highest composition of IIX, showed high shear force and low sarcomere length (p<0.05). The correlation coefficients between muscle fiber characteristics and meat quality showed that type IIX is closely related to poor beef quality and that a high density of small-sized fibers is related to redness and tenderness. Therefore, the differences in meat quality between muscles can be explained by the differences in muscle fiber characteristics, and especially, the muscles with good quality are composed of more small-sized fibers regardless of fiber type.

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201606776008162.pdf

Comparison of Characteristics of Myosin Heavy Chain-based Fiber and Meat Quality among Four Bovine Skeletal Muscles

The use of bulls rather than steers for beef production offers some considerable advantages; however, the eating quality of bull beef is an issue of marketing concern. This study assessed the physicochemical characteristics of young Holstein-Friesian (HF) bull and steer beef. Steer carcasses were suspended by the Achilles tendon (AS) and by pelvic suspension (PS).; Results: HF steer beef had higher redness, yellowness and chroma values, whereas bulls had higher ultimate pH and darker muscle. Warner-Bratzler shear force, cook loss at different ageing times, moisture, and insoluble and total collagen were higher for HF bull beef, whereas intramuscular fat, soluble collagen and collagen solubility were higher for steer beef. HF steer beef had a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), whereas bull beef had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios. In comparison to AS, PS increased redness and chroma after 24 h blooming; PS improved tenderness up to 7 days of ageing and accelerated the ageing process.; Conclusion: For young dairy cattle, steer beef would likely have superior eating quality but a relatively less favourable nutritional fatty acid profile to bull beef. Suspension method affected the tenderness and colour intensity of dairy steer beef at different ageing times. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of castration and carcass suspension method on the quality and fatty acid profile of beef from male dairy cattle.

Using Chinese Simmental cattle semitendinosus, psoas major, and longissimus thoracis samples, we assessed muscle fiber characteristics and postmortem quality. The type I, IIA, and IIB fiber diameters were greater in semitendinosus and longissimus thoracis relative to psoas major, with psoas major, semitendinosus, and longissimus thoracis having the highest respective percentages of type I, IIB, and IIA fibers. Psoas major had the highest R 248 and R 250 values and lowest R 258 values at 1- and 6-hr postmortem. Psoas major had the lowest Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), hardness, and chewiness values. The trends of WBSF, hardness, and chewiness changes decreased with increasing aging time. Semitendinosus had higher changes in WBSF than psoas major, and the number % type I fibers was correlated negatively with % changes of WBSF. Therefore, muscles with a high proportion of type IIB fibers and a low proportion of type I had lower tenderness and higher tenderization rate. Further research should be done to seek the optimal composition of muscle fiber type in order to improve beef quality, as muscle fiber type has opposite effect of tenderness background and tenderization rate.

Muscle fiber characteristics and postmortem quality of longissimus thoracis, psoas major and semitendinosus from Chinese Simmental bulls.

Carcass and meat quality characteristics of Brahman cross bulls and steers finished on tropical pastures in Costa Rica.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in μ-calpaine (CAPN-1) and calpastatina (CAST) genes associated with beef tenderness, and related to the presence of these genes with the expected progeny differences (EPDs) for growth characteristics. The blood samples (n= 82) were collected from Brahman males bulls registered belonging to 7 farms, located at 4 geographic regions of Costa Rica. All males were included in the breeding program for beef cattle, managed by Corporacion Ganadera (CORFOGA). The blood samples were analyzed at the molecular biotechnology laboratory of Technological Institute of Costa Rica, San Carlos Headquarters. The presence of SNPs CAPN316, CAPN4751 (CAPN-1 gene) and CAST2959 (CAST gene) were analyzed. The allele frequencies in CAPN316 were estimated for C (0.006), G (0.994) and for genotypes CC (0.000), CG (0.013) and GG (0.987). The genetic marker CAPN4751 showed allele frequencies for C (0.165), T (0.835), as well as genotype frequencies of CC (0.025), CT (0.279) and TT (0.666). The single-nucleotide polymorphisms CAST2959 showed allele frequencies for A (0.667), G (0.333), and genotypic for AA (0.432), AG (0.469) and GG (0.099). A low frequency in CAPN316 of favorable C allele was determined, however, a more equilibrated frequency in CAPN4751 and CATS2959 was observed. In the association analysis between favorable SNPs and EPDs, a weak association was found, or even lack of correlation.

/pdf/asociacion-entre-marcadores-geneticos-capn-1-cast-y-2r4visx761.pdf

Asociación entre marcadores genéticos CAPN-1, CAST y características de crecimiento en ganado brahman en Costa Rica

ObjectivesTo evaluate variation of carcass traits and cutability by gender and dentition age of cattle harvested in Costa Rica.Materials and MethodsCattle produced in Costa Rica were harvested in 1 of the 3 main federally-inspected plants of the country. The Bos indicus-influenced animals were selected randomly and sex class was recorded (CLASS; 193 intact males [bulls], 123 castrates [steers] and 61 cull females predominantly cows). Liveweight (LIVEW) was taken immediately before harvesting, and the hot carcass weight (HCW) was recorded after processing to calculate the dressing percentage (DRESS%). Dentition age (AGE) was estimated postmortem to segregate the animals in 12 mo (12MOA), 24 mo (24MOA), and 36 mo (36MOA). Scores for carcass finish (FINISH) and muscling (MUSCLING), and other carcass linear measurements (carcass length = CLENGTH; round circumference = ROUND; and Achilles tendon length = TENDONL) were taken before chilling. After 24 h postmortem, chilled carcasses were evaluated for determining ribeye area (REA), backfat thickness (BACKFAT), and fat color (FATCOL) scores. Chilled carcasses were weighed and fabricated following precise instructions on style and maximum fat cover, removing subcutaneous fat in excess to 2 mm. The weight of boneless, closely trimmed, total saleable cuts (TSP), clean bone (BONE%) and trim fat (FAT%) from the whole carcass were computed as a percentage of the chilled carcass weight (CCW). Descriptive and variance analyses were performed to determine the variation associated with gender, dentition age, and their interaction.ResultsThe LIVEW, HCW, and CCW had a moderate variation (CV 15 to 18%) which corresponded well with the moderate variation observed in ROUND, REA, and BONE% (CV 13 to 15%). However, with this HCW range, FINISH and BACKFAT had a high variation (CV > 30%), as well as MUSCLING and FATC. In contrast, a low variation was detected (CV < 10%) for DRESS%, CLENGTH, TENDONL, and TSP%. As expected, mean values of traits related to carcass meat yields were in favor of the bull and steer carcasses, which dressed the heaviest carcasses, with the most convex profile (MUSCLING) and bulging leg muscle (ROUND), the longest carcasses, the largest ribeye area and higher yields of TSP as compared to female carcasses (P < 0.05). In contrast, carcasses from females exhibited more abundant/uniform distribution FINISH, thicker BACKFAT, yellowish FATC, and higher BONE% (P < 0.05) than those from steers or bulls. As AGE advanced, carcasses were heavier, had longer TENDONL and CLENGHT, exhibited more abundant fat cover, and yielded more BONE% and TSP%. Analysis of variance detected a significant effect of the CLASS × AGE interaction on LIVEW, HCW, CCW, ROUND, FINISH, BONE%, TSP (P < 0.05). Both bulls and steers at 36MOA showed a noticeable heavier body and carcasses with higher TSP yields with respect to the female carcasses; however, steer carcasses at 36MO presented most bulging round, more abundant/uniform FINISH and lower BONE% with respect to bull and female carcasses at the same AGE (P < 0.05).ConclusionThese findings support the long-standing preference for raising and fattening bulls in Costa Rica. However, the castration did not affect the carcass yield or cutability, and instead, the steers outperformed the bulls in carcass quality attributes such as FINISH and ROUND, which opens a marketing opportunity for castrates.

https://www.iastatedigitalpress.com/mmb/article/8897/galley/9467/download/

Characteristics of Beef Carcasses Derived from Costa Rican Cattle as Affected by Gender and Dentition Age

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Carcass and meat quality characteristics of Brahman cross bulls and steers finished on tropical pastures in Costa Rica.

Asociación entre marcadores genéticos CAPN-1, CAST y características de crecimiento en ganado brahman en Costa Rica

Characteristics of Beef Carcasses Derived from Costa Rican Cattle as Affected by Gender and Dentition Age