IN ONTWIKKELDE MARKTECONOMIEEN wordt de landbouw hoofdzakelijk beoefend op relatief kleine gezinsbedrijven. Arbeids- en bezitsverhoudingen berusten op verwantschaps- en gezinsbanden. De externe produktieverhoudingen, daarentegen, worden gekenmerkt door nauwe bindingen met markten. Deze tegenstelling vormt het uitgangspunt van een studie, die gericht is op de vraag wat de consequenties hiervan zijn voor het handelen en denken van boerenfamilies. Deze thematiek wordt vanuit een aantal theoretische en empirische invalshoeken belicht. Op de eerste plaats wordt een theoretische verhandeling gewijd aan de verhouding tussen verwantschap en economie. Dit mondt uit in een pleidooi om het gezinsbedrijf te beschouwen als een sociaal-cultureel systeem, waarbinnen actoren vanuit een specifieke culturele achtergrond vorm geven aan hun sociale verhoudingen en handelen. De politiek-economische context is slechts van invloed in combinatie met culturele factoren. Het karakter van op verwantschap gebaseerde produktieverhoudingen wordt voorts geanalyseerd via verervingspatronen. Transacties binnen de groep van verwanten worden hoofdzakelijk gestructureerd door het lokale statussysteem en verwantschapsopvattingen. Centraal staat de vraag in hoeverre deze traditionele noties veranderen onder druk van commercialisering en modernisering. Aan het eind van de negentiende eeuw werd in Nederland veel aandacht besteed aan de vererving van grondbezit. Men verwachtte destijds dat het erfrecht op den duur tot de ondergang van de boerenstand zou leiden. Voor het eerst werd toen gewezen op de weerbarstigheid van lokale gewoonten, die ondanks een uniforme wetgeving en toenemende commercialisering niet van wijken wisten. Vooral de lokale gewoonten in het Oosten van Nederland stonden in de belangstelling. Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog veranderde de aard van het debat rondom de generatiewisseling. Meer aandacht ging uit naar de economische levensvatbaarheid, terwijl de rol van familie en verwantschapsrelaties uit het oog werd verloren. Dit gegeven wordt onderzocht aan de hand van een analyse van het politieke en sociologische discours over het gezinsbedrijf. Het laatste gedeelte van dit proefschrift, bevat een analyse van verervingspatronen in een Twentse boerengemeenschap. Aan de hand van archiefbronnen en veldwerk wordt getracht de verandering over een lange tijdsduur in kaart te brengen. Er blijkt sprake te zijn van een hoge mate van continuiteit. De grondprincipes van de vererving van het boerenbedrijf verschilden aan het eind van de jaren tachtig maar weinig van die in het midden van de negentiende eeuw. Dit blijkt onder andere uit het feit dat de ongedeelde hoeve nog steeds centraal staat. De vraag in hoeverre deze gang van zaken door de niet-opvolgende kinderen bezwaarlijk wordt gevonden, leidt tot een verhandeling over het contextuele karakter van familie- transacties. Gelijkheid en ongelijkheid kunnen niet begrepen worden met gangbare economische begrippen, maar moeten gekoppeld worden aan een lokaal waarden-systeem, waarin materiele- en niet materiele zaken op een ingenieuze wijze tegen elkaar worden afgewogen.

In the shadow of the tree: Kinship, property and inheritance among farm families

Locality studies, a form of community mapping, emerged as a popular technique of sustainable development in early-21st-century Japan. Its proponents contend that by cataloging the features of their surroundings rural residents can “rediscover” dormant resources and mobilize civic energies to sustain homes hollowed by decades of persistent socioeconomic decline. Despite its empowering potential, the practice of locality studies also reflects a political climate of devolving responsibility epitomized by decentralization reforms that demand greater autonomy and self-reliance of Japan's regions. Through an ethnographic examination of locality studies and debates surrounding its practice in Japan's northeastern Tōhoku region, I argue that it embodies a politics of recognition suited to an era of state streamlining. Its diverse proponents encourage residents of Tōhoku's mountainous peripheries to convert legacies of marginalization into celebrations of cultural diversity as a way of shifting responsibility for the future of the depleted countryside onto its inhabitants.

Treasure Hunts in Rural Japan: Place Making at the Limits of Sustainability

This is a study of forty Filipina women married to Japanese men living in a rural farming district in northern Japan. The thesis is concerned with four main areas of enquiry: the initial adjustment of the Filipinas to their new environment; their performance of local gender roles; the religious practices that the women carry out; and the social activities in which they participate. It is an account of the difficulties individuals face and the adjustments they have to make when they decide to settle in a foreign country. It is also an account of the problems of 'accommodation' experienced by Filipinas encountering Japanese society. The difficulties that the women face in their marital lives and the way in which they deal with them indicate both particular characteristics of Japanese society and certain qualities of Filipino personhood. By looking at a transnational experience from this perspective, the thesis attempts to trace the contours of the dynamic interaction between the Filipinas and the Japanese, on the one hand, and between forces of social reproduction and individual choices, on the other. All the Filipinas portrayed here met their spouse (directly or indirectly) through a public intermarriage introduction service provided by Japanese municipal government. Since the intermarriage introduction service was aimed at solving an issue of significant social concern in Japan, namely the 'bride famine' being experienced in rural areas, it is not surprising that there is an extensive body of literature concerning the problem published in Japanese, whereas the lived experiences of these Filipinas have not been much explored. More generally, while marriage between people from different countries has become increasingly common, not much research has yet been conducted on the subject yet. The thesis is therefore intended as a contribution to the ethnography of female transnational migration as well as to that of Filipina intermarriage.

Filipina intermarriage in rural Japan: An anthropological approach.

Using Anna Tsing‘s (2015) concept of salvage, this thesis examines how machizukuri (town-building) activities salvage the effects of decline in the former mining city of Yūbari into building a rural Japanese town. Rather than evaluating machizukuri activities based on their ability to produce capitalist value, reverse demographic decline, and restore progress, these activities are discussed as projects of salvage concerned with finding value in and caring for places and people left behind by progress. I review the history of teleological projects of progress in Hokkaido to showcase Yūbari‘s historical association with progress, and its subsequent association with economic and demographic decline following the end of the mining industry from the 1950s and its bankruptcy in 2006. I discuss the activities of a local organization and its re-use of a former power plant, using this example to highlight how heritage and pride in local history is salvaged from what would otherwise be ruins. I then use the example of slag heaps to unearth problems with the use of ―nostalgia‖ to describe rural revitalization efforts. Slag heaps are also used to interpret how the emotionally powerful language of the rural hometown is salvaged to showcase Yūbari as a warm, rural Japanese town instead of a declining coal mining city of the colonial frontier. I also consider how the conditions of rural decline can be salvaged to be part of networks of care in Yūbari: better ways of relating might be emerging from the places left behind by growth-driven development.

Salvage in Yūbari: Machizukuri Against Decline

From Paddy Field to Ski Slope: The Revitalisation of Tradition in Japanese Village Life

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From Paddy Field to Ski Slope: The Revitalisation of Tradition in Japanese Village Life