Failure of concrete structures leading to collapse of buildings has initiated various researches on the quality of construction materials. Collapse of buildings resulting to injuries, loss of lives and investments has been largely attributed to use of poor quality concrete ingredients. Information on the effect of silt and clay content and organic impurities present in building sand being supplied in Nairobi County and its environs as well as their effect to the compressive strength of concrete was lacking. The objective of this research was to establish level of silt, clay and organic impurities present in building sand and its effect on compressive strength of concrete. This paper presents the findings on the quality of building sand as sourced from eight supply points in Nairobi County and its environs and the effects of these sand impurities to the compressive strength of concrete. 27 sand samples were tested for silt and clay contents and organic impurities in accordance with BS 882 and ASTM C40 respectively after which 13 sand samples with varying level of impurities were selected for casting of concrete cubes. 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm concrete cubes were cast using concrete mix of 1:1.5:3:0.57 (cement:sand:coarse aggregates:water) and were tested for compressive strength at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. The investigation used cement, coarse aggregates (crushed stones) and water of similar characteristics while sand used had varying levels of impurities and particle shapes and texture. The results of the investigations showed that 86.2% of the sand samples tested exceeded the allowable limit of silt and clay content of while 77% exceeded the organic content limit. The level of silt and clay content ranged from 42% to 3.3% for while organic impurities ranged from 0.029 to 0.738 photometric ohms for the unwashed sand samples. With regard to compressive strength, 38% of the concrete cubes made from sand with varying sand impurities failed to meet the design strength of 25 Mpa at the age of 28 days. A combined regression equation of  with R2 = 0.444 was generated predicting compressive strength varying levels of silt and clay impurities (SCI), and organic impurities (ORG) in sand. This implies that 44% of concrete’s compressive strength is contributed by combination of silt and clay content and organic impurities in sand. Other factors such as particle shapes, texture, workability and mode of sand formation also play a key role in determination of concrete strength. It is concluded that sand found in Nairobi County and its environs contain silt and clay content and organic impurities that exceed the allowable limits and these impurities result in significant reduction in concrete’s compressive strength. It is recommended that the concrete design mix should always consider the strength reduction due to presence of these impurities to ensure that target strength of the resultant concrete is achieved. Formulation of policies governing monitoring of quality of building sand in Kenya and other developed countries is recommended.

/pdf/effects-of-sand-quality-on-compressive-strength-of-concrete-3vs64wb0ze.pdf

Effects of Sand Quality on Compressive Strength of Concrete: A Case of Nairobi County and Its Environs, Kenya

Shelter or housing is the first thing humans need for living in this world even before food. The construction sector is the provider of physical infrastructure essential for human sustenance and economic development. Moreover, the advancement in vertical city expansion is enormous and to be celebrated; however in Nigeria, such development comes with huge human and material losses. For over three decades, Nigeria has been experiencing collapse of multi-story buildings. To investigate this phenomenon, primary data were collected through a questionnaire survey from professional construction consultants, contractors and clients. 150 structured questionnaires were randomly distributed of which 99 number were successfully retrieved for analysis. The 99 number questionnaires were analysed using simple statistics and charts. The result reveals that the frequency of building collapse in Nigeria is at an alarming rate and the impact is moderately major; substandard reinforcement, structural steel and cement used for the production of foundations, columns, beams and slabs are the main causes of building collapse (in descending order). While all these are associated with lapses in construction supervision with a relative importance index (RII) of 0.812 (ranked 1st) followed by construction process with RII of 0.709. Professions / professionals linked to the problems were also examined and recommendations are made based on the findings of the research.

Causes of building failure and collapse in Nigeria: professionals' view.

Construction Industry has been evolving since the development of Building Information Modelling (BIM). This technological process is unstoppable; it is out to the market with remarkable case studies of solving the long industry’s history of fragmentation. This industry has been changing over time; United States has recorded the most significant development in construction digitalization, Australia, United Kingdom and some other developed nations are also amongst promoters of BIM process and its development. Recently, a developing country like China and Malaysia are keying into the industry’s digital shift, while very little move is seen in South Africa whose development is considered higher and perhaps leader in the digital transition amongst the African countries. To authors’ best knowledge, Nigerian construction industry has never engaged in BIM discussions hence has no attention at national level. Consequently, Nigeria has no “Noteworthy BIM publications.” Decision makers and key stakeholders need to be informed on the current trend of the industry’s development (BIM in specific) and the opportunities of adopting this digitalization trend in relation to the identified challenges. BIM concept can be traced mostly in Architectural practices than engineering practices in Nigeria. A superficial BIM practice is found to be at organisational level only and operating a model based - “BIM stage 1.” Research to adopting this innovation has received very little attention. This piece of work is literature review based, aimed at exploring BIM in Nigeria and its prospects. The exploration reveals limitations in the literature availability as to extensive research in the development of BIM in the country. Numerous challenges were noticed including building collapse, inefficiencies, cost overrun and late project delivery. BIM has potentials to overcome the above challenges and even beyond. Low level of BIM adoption with reasonable level of awareness is noticed. However, lack of policy and guideline as well as serious lack of experts in the field are amongst the major barriers to BIM adoption. The industry needs to embrace BIM to possibly compete with its global counterpart. Please note that the journal title listed at the top of this article has ceased publication, however an alternative citation of this article may be: HAMMA-ADAMA, M. and KOUIDER, T. 2018. A review on building information modelling in Nigeria and its potentials. International journal of civil and environmental engineering [online], 12(11), pages 1113-1119. Available from: https://waset.org/publications/10009816.

/pdf/a-review-on-building-information-modelling-in-nigeria-and-2sgxu0g99h.pdf

A review on building information modelling in Nigeria and its potentials.

Die globale Gesundheitsbelastung durch Bauwerksversagen

Bamboo scaffold serves as provisional structure to support people, materials,structures under construction and for maintenance works in most developing nations of Africa and Asia. But the risk posed by the use for construction in nations like Nigeria where collapse of reinforced concrete buildings is frequent have not been researched upon in the past. This research looks at the hazard posed by adopting
bamboo scaffolds in construction in Nigeria. A total of 102 collapsed reinforced concrete buildings were revisited. Structural health monitoring tools, expert judgment and statistical measures were used. Results showed that over 20% of the collapse cases considered are at the risk of being caused by failure of overloaded bamboo scaffolds.

Structural form works and safety challenges: role of bamboo scaffold on collapse of reinforced concrete buildings in nigeria

The research investigated the causes and consequence of building collapse in Nigeria using historicaldata from 1974 to 2006 and also proffers appropriate solutions. Relevant books, seminar papers,workshop papers, articles, etc. were reviewed so as to examine the general view of individuals thathave worked on similar study. Data for the study were obtained through historical data of pastbuilding collapse in Nigeria. The data were presented and analysed using tables, bar graphs, Pearsonmoment correlation coefficient (r) and linear regression analysis to generate a model. Sixty (60)buildings that collapsed in the country were gathered, upon which the analysis was carried out. Thestudy revealed that poor maintenance culture, design error, poor quality of materials and workmanship,natural phenomenon and excessive loading contributed to about 7%, 15%, 52%, 7% and 20% respectivelyof building collapse in Nigeria with most of them being private residential buildings executed byindigenous contractors. The study finally recommended that Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON)should increase their effort in sanitizing building materials in the market. More so, constructionprofessionals should ensure proper supervision of workmen and efficient checking of materials beforeincorporation into building works.Keywords: Building Collapse, Nigeria, Historical

An examination of the causes and effects of building collapse in nigeria

Fiscal policy aims to boost demand and output in the economy either directly, through greater government expenditures or indirectly through tax reductions that stimulate private consumption and investment spending. The aim of this project research is to assess the effect of fiscal policy on construction works in Nigeria. Data for the study was obtained through historical data of past Lagos State Government budgets with respect to taxation, government spending and capital spending from the year 1980-2006. The data was presented and analyzed using tables, Pearson moment correlation coefficient(r) and regression analysis. Past budgets of the government was analyzed using the values of taxation, government spending and government spending on construction works (capital spending) as the major variables. The study confirmed that there is significant relationship between the three variables. However, it revealed that combined effect of taxation and government spending on construction sector in Lagos state has a very high and positive effect. The study finally recommended that there should be consistency in policy making by the government in order to influence the level of aggregate demand in the economy in an effort to achieve economic objectives of prices stability of building materials, full employment of labours and economic growth. It was also recommended that taxes such as VAT, custom and exercise duties, road rolls, petrol duties, wages tax, rent tax, interest tax, and profit tax should be reduced so that disposable income of individual would be increased and stable in order to improve investment in construction work.
Keywords: Construction sector; Fiscal policy; Govermenmt spending; Nigeria; Taxation.

https://ajba.um.edu.my/index.php/JSCP/article/download/5643/3396

Effect of Fiscal Policy on Nigerian Construction Sector

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An examination of the causes and effects of building collapse in nigeria

Effect of Fiscal Policy on Nigerian Construction Sector